Adherence and Compliance with Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024.1085Keywords:
Adult, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, Treatment Adherence and Compliance, Systematic ReviewAbstract
Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender people, sex workers, people who inject drugs, individuals in prisons and other closed settings have been considered key populations because they are at high risk of contracting HIV. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) because of its protective effect against HIV in this population. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence adherence and compliance with oral PrEP for HIV prevention. Methods: This systematic review was conducted the databases used were the PubMed, CINAHL Complete, and EMBASE. For search keywords, MeSH, CINAHL Subjects, and Emtree terms were combined with AND and OR Boolean operators. Studies selected encompassed quantitative, qualitative, mixed, and multimethod designs, between from 2015 to 2022, in English, Spanish, and Portuguese language. All references were imported and exported through EndNote for data collection. Methodological quality was evaluated using the MMAT checklist. We used deductive thematic analysis based on Taylor there are six categories that influence adherence and compliance to oral PrEP. Results: Out of 526 articles retrieved, 314 duplicates were eliminated and 26 were incorporated. Various factors affect adherence and compliance with oral PrEP. Conclusions: Based on the findings, PrEP's effectiveness and the perceived high risk of HIV infection served as motivators for PrEP utilization, while negative sentiments regarding PrEP, side effects, and stigma acted as hurdles to its use. Readiness facilitated PrEP adoption. Healthcare team support was viewed as an effective attribute for those administering oral PrEP.
References
United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS. 2020. New HIV infections increasingly among key populations. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2020/september/20200928_new-hiv-infections-increasingly-among-key-populations
UNAIDS. Fact sheet - Latest global and regional statistics on the status of the AIDS epidemic. Fact Sheet 2022. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2022/UNAIDS_FactSheet
World Health Organization. Policy brief: consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care for key populations. 2016 updat. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/258967
Desai M, Field N, Grant R, McCormack S. Recent advances in pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. BM. 2017;359: j5011. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5011
World Health Organization. WHO expands recommendation on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection (PrEP). WHO. 2015. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prep/policy-brief-prep-2015/en/
Anderson PL, Glidden D V., Liu A, Buchbinder S, Lama JR, Guanira JV, et al.
Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(151). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3004006
Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure Chemoprophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Men Who Have Sex with Men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;363(27):2587–99. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1011205
Thigpen MC, Kebaabetswe PM, Paxton LA, Smith DK, Rose CE, Segolodi TM, et al. Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Heterosexual HIV Transmission in Botswana. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(5):423–34. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1110711
Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, et al. Antiretroviral Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention in Heterosexual Men and Women. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(5):399–410. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1108524
Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Anderson PL, Doblecki-Lewis S, Bacon O, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection integrated with municipal-and community-based sexual health services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(1):75–84. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.4683
McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, Dolling DI, Gafos M, Gilson R, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10013):53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00056-2
12. AVAC Global Advocacy for HIV Prevention. AVAC: The Global PrEP Tracker. 2022. https://data.prepwatch.org/
13. Wilson IB, Lee Y, Michaud J, Fowler FJ, Rogers WH. Validation of a New Three-Item Self-Report Measure for Medication Adherence. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(11):2700-08. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1406-x
14. Spinelli MA, Haberer JE, Chai PR, Castillo-Mancilla J, Anderson PL, Gandhi M. Approaches to Objectively Measure Antiretroviral Medication Adherence and Drive Adherence Interventions. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2020;17(4):301–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-020-00502-5
15. Wade Taylor S, Mayer KH, Elsesser SM, Mimiaga MJ, O’Cleirigh C, Safren SA. Optimizing Content for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Counseling for Men who have Sex with Men: Perspectives of PrEP Users and High-risk PrEP Naïve Men. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(5):871-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0617-7
16. Monteiro Spindola Marins L, Silva Torres T, Luz PM, Moreira RI, Leite IC, Hoagland B, et al. Factors associated with self-reported adherence to daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with man and transgender women: PrEP Brasil study. 2022;32(13):1231–41. https://doi.org/101177/09564624211031787
17. Nakiganda LJ, Grulich AE, Poynten IM, Serwadda D, Bazaale JM, Jin J, et al. Self-reported and pill count measures of adherence to oral HIV PrEP among female sex workers living in South-Western Uganda. PLoS One. 2022;17(11):e0277226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277226
18. Baker Z, Javanbakht M, Mierzwa S, Pavel C, Lally M, Zimet G, et al. Predictors of Over-Reporting HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men (YMSM) in Self-Reported Versus Biomarker Data. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(4):1174–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1958-4
19. Huang Y, Tian R, Zhou Z, Xu J, Agins B, Zou H, et al. HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use on a Global Scale Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2023;37(4):159–91. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2022.0198
20. Wang Y, Mitchell JW, Zhang C, Liu Y. Evidence and implication of interventions across various socioecological levels to address pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake and adherence among men who have sex with men in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Res Ther. 2022;19(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-022-00456-1
21. Maxwell S, Gafos M, Shahmanesh M. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Use and Medication Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(4):38–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000105
22. Edeza A, Karina Santamaria E, Valente PK, Gomez A, Ogunbajo A, Biello K. Experienced barriers to adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among MSM: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative studies. AIDS Care. 2021;33(6):697–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1778628
23. Bazzi AR, Drainoni ML, Biancarelli DL, Hartman JJ, Mimiaga MJ, Mayer KH, et al. Systematic review of HIV treatment adherence research among people who inject drugs in the United States and Canada: evidence to inform pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence interventions. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6314-8
24. Dang M, Scheim AI, Teti M, Quinn KG, Zarwell M, Petroll AE, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake, Adherence, and Persistence Among Transgender Populations in the United States: A Systematic Review. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2022;36(6):236–48. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2021.0236
25. Gebru NM, Canidate SS, Liu Y, Schaefer SE, Pavila E, Cook RL, et al. Substance Use and Adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Studies Enrolling Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav. 2023;27(7): 2131-2162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03948-3
26. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
27. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2019. 1–694 p. https://training.cochrane.org/handbook
28. Hong QN, Gonzalez-Reyes A, Pluye P. Improving the usefulness of a tool for appraising the quality of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). J Eval Clin Pract. 2018;24(3):459–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12884
29. Nha Hong Q, Pluye P, abregues SF, Bartlett G, Boardman F, Cargo M, et al. Improving the content validity of the mixed methods appraisal tool: modified e-Delphi study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2019;111:49-59.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.03.008
30. Pace R, Pluye P, Bartlett G, Macaulay AC, Salsberg J, Jagosh J, et al. Testing the reliability and efficiency of the pilot Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for systematic mixed studies review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012 Jan;49(1):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002
31. Clarke V, Braun V. Teaching thematic analysis: Over- coming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. Psychologist. 2013;26(2):120–3. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/21155%5Cnhttp://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volumeID=26&editionID=222&Article
32. Closson EF, Mitty JA, Malone J, Mayer KH, Mimiaga MJ. Exploring strategies for PrEP adherence and dosing preferences in the context of sexualized recreational drug use among MSM: a qualitative study. AIDS care. 2018 Feb 1;30(2):191–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2017.1360992
33. Ferrer L, Folch C, Fernandez-Davila P, Garcia A, Morales A, Belda J, et al. Erratum to: Awareness of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV, Willingness to Use It and Potential Barriers or Facilitators to Uptake Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Spain. AIDS and Behavior 2016(7):1423-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1379-9
34. Fuchs JD, Stojanovski K, Vittinghoff E, McMahan VM, Hosek SG, Amico KR, et al. A Mobile Health Strategy to Support Adherence to Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis. AIDS patient care and STDs. 2018;32(3):104–11. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2017.0255
35. Hojilla JC, Vlahov D, Crouch PC, Dawson-Rose C, Freeborn K, Carrico A. HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Uptake and Retention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in a Community-Based Sexual Health Clinic. AIDS and behavior. 2018 Apr 1;22(4):1096–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-2009-x
36. Koss CA, Charlebois ED, Ayieko J, Kwarisiima D, Kabami J, Balzer LB, et al. Uptake, engagement, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis offered after population HIV testing in rural Kenya and Uganda: 72-week interim analysis of observational data from the SEARCH study. The Lancet HIV. 2020;7(4):e249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30433-3
37. Kwan TH, Lee SS. Predictors of HIV Testing and Their Influence on PrEP Acceptance in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. AIDS and behavior. 2018;22(4):1150–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1978-0
38. Lim SH, Mburu G, Bourne A, Pang J, Wickersham JA, Wei CKT, et al. Willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men in Malaysia: Findings from an online survey. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(9): e0182838. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182838
39 Martin M, Vanichseni S, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Mock PA, Chaipung B, et al. Factors associated with the uptake of and adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in people who have injected drugs: an observational, open-label extension of the Bangkok Tenofovir Study. The Lancet HIV. 2017;4(2):e59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(16)30207-7
40. Salinas-Rodríguez A, Sosa-Rubí SG, Chivardi C, Rodríguez-Franco R, Gandhi M, Mayer KH, et al. Preferences for Conditional Economic Incentives to Improve Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Adherence: A Discrete Choice Experiment Among Male Sex Workers in Mexico. AIDS and Behavior. 2022;26(3):833–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03443-1
41. Sun S, Yang C, Zaller N, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Operario D. PrEP Willingness and Adherence Self-Efficacy Among Men Who have Sex with Men with Recent Condomless Anal Sex in Urban China. AIDS and behavior. 2021;25(11):3482–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03274-0
42. Whiteley L, Craker L, Sun S, Tarantino N, Hershkowitz D, Moskowitz J, et al. Factors associated with PrEP adherence among MSM living in Jackson, Mississippi. 2021;20(3):246–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/15381501.2021.1956666
43. Hu Y, Zhong XN, Peng B, Zhang Y, Liang H, Dai JH, et al. Associations between perceived barriers and benefits of using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and medication adherence among men who have sex with men in Western China 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1117 Public Health and Health Services. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018;18(1):575. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3497-7
44. Liu C, Ding Y, Ning Z, Gao M, Liu X, Wong FY, et al. Factors influencing uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis: some qualitative insights from an intervention study of men who have sex with men in China. Sex Health. 2018;15(1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH17075
45. Longino A, Montano MA, Sanchez H, Bayer A, Sanchez J, Tossas-Milligan K, et al. Increasing PrEP Uptake and Adherence among MSM and TW Sex Workers in Lima, Perú: What and Whom Do Different Patients Trust? AIDS Care. 2020;32(2):255-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1634787
46. Ngure K, Heffron R, Curran K, Vusha S, Ngutu M, Mugo N, et al. I Knew I Would Be Safer. Experiences of Kenyan HIV Serodiscordant Couples Soon After Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Initiation. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2016;30(2):78. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2015.0259
47. Owens C, Hubach RD, Williams D, Lester J, Reece M, Dodge B. Exploring the Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Health Care Experiences Among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Who Live in Rural Areas of the Midwest. AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32(1):51–66. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.1.51
48. Sevelius JM, Keatley JA, Calma N, Arnold E. ‘I am not a man’: Trans-specific barriers and facilitators to PrEP acceptability among transgender women. Glob Public Health. 2016;11(7–8):1060–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1154085
49. Storholm ED, Volk JE, Marcus JL, Silverberg MJ, Satre DD. Risk Perception, Sexual Behaviors, and PrEP Adherence Among Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex with Men: a Qualitative Study. Prev Sci. 2017;18(6):737–47. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.010
50. Vaccher SJ, Kaldor JM, Callander D, Zablotska IB, Haire BG. Qualitative Insights Into Adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Australian Gay and Bisexual Men. 2018;32(12):519–28. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.0106
51. Watson CWM, Pasipanodya E, Savin MJ, Ellorin EE, Corado KC, Flynn RP, et al. Barriers and Facilitators to PrEP Initiation and Adherence Among Transgender and Gender Non-Binary Individuals in Southern California. AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;32(6):472–85. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2020.32.6.472
52. Alt M, Rotert P, Conover K, Dashwood S, Schramm AT. Qualitative investigation of factors impacting pre‐exposure prophylaxis initiation and adherence in sexual minority men. Health Expect. 2022;25(1):313-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.13382
53. Chemnasiri T, Varangrat A, Amico KR, Chitwarakorn A, Dye BJ, Grant RM, et al. Facilitators and barriers affecting PrEP adherence among Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) in the HPTN 067/ADAPT Study. AIDS Care. 2020;32(2):249–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1623374
54. Cahill SR, Keatley JA, Wade Taylor S, Sevelius J, Elsesser SA, Geffen SR, et al. Some of us, we don’t know where we’re going to be tomorrow. Contextual factors affecting PrEP use and adherence among a diverse sample of transgender women in San Francisco. AIDS Care. 2020;32(5):585–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1659912
55. Franks J, Hirsch-Moverman Y, Loquere AS, Amico KR, Grant RM, Dye BJ, et al. Sex, PrEP, and Stigma: Experiences with HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among New York City MSM Participating in the HPTN 067/ADAPT Study. AIDS Behav 2018;22(4):1139-1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1964-6
56. Ssuna B, Katahoire A, Armstrong-Hough M, Kalibbala D, Kalyango JN, Kiweewa FM. Factors associated with willingness to use oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in a fisher-folk community in peri-urban Kampala, Uganda. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):468. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12859-w
57. Muwonge TR, Ngure K, Katabira E, Mugo N, Kimemia G, Burns BFO, et al. Short Message Service (SMS) Surveys Assessing Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence and Sexual Behavior are Highly Acceptable Among HIV-Uninfected Members of Serodiscordant Couples in East Africa: A Mixed Methods Study. AIDS and behavior. 2019;23(5):1267–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2326-8
58. Golub SA, Fikslin RA, Goldberg MH, Peña SM, Radix A. Predictors of PrEP Uptake Among Patients with Equivalent Access. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(7):1917–24.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2376-y
59. Food & Drugs Administration. Truvada for PrEP Fact Sheet: Ensuring Safe and Proper Use. 2012. https://www.fda.gov/media/83586/download
60. Di Ciaccio M, Sagaon-Teyssier L, Protière C, Mimi M, Suzan-Monti M, Meyer L, et al. Impact of HIV risk perception on both pre-exposure prophylaxis and condom use. 2019 Oct;26(10):1575–86. https://doi.org/101177/1359105319883927
61. Nieto O, Brooks RA, Landrian A, Cabral A, Fehrenbacher AE. PrEP discontinuation among Latino/a and Black MSM and transgender women: A need for PrEP support services. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241340
62. Zhang Y, Shi L, Fu G, Yang C, Zaller ND, Wei C, et al. Willingness to use and intention to adhere to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu Province, China. AIDS Care. 2023;35(9): 1386-1394. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2023.2200992
63. Koppe U, Marcus U, Albrecht S, Jansen K, Jessen H, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, et al. Barriers to using HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and sexual behaviour after stopping PrEP: a cross-sectional study in Germany. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10174-4
64. Ransome Y, Bogart LM, Kawachi I, Kaplan A, Mayer KH, Ojikutu B. Area-level HIV risk and socioeconomic factors associated with willingness to use PrEP among Black people in the U.S. South. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;42:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.11.002
65. Liu AY, Vittinghoff E, Von Felten P, Rivet Amico K, Anderson PL, Lester R, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mobile Health Intervention to Promote Retention and Adherence to Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Young People at Risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The EPIC Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(12):2010-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy810
66. Norwood A, Zuñiga JA. Knowledge and Attitude About Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Primary Care Clinicians at a Federally Qualified Health Center in Central Texas: A Cross-sectional Study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2023;34(1):24–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000353
67. Wisutep P, Sirijatuphat R, Navanukroh O, Phatharodom P, Werarak P, Rattanasuwan W. Attitudes towards, knowledge about, and confidence to prescribe antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare providers in Thailand. Medicine. 2021;100(49): e28120. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000028120
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Moisés Jaúregui, María Candia, Víctor Pedrero, Camilo Silva, Lúcia Alves da Silva Lara, Ana Katherine Gonçalves, Ricardo Arcêncio, Denisse Cartagena-Ramos (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
