Psychological, emotional, and social consequences of street harassment: a systematic review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2022142

Keywords:

Street harassment, Psychological consequences, Emotional consequences

Abstract

Street harassment has a high prevalence; however, it continues to be a little-studied social problem. The lack of action by the authorities and the sensitivity of the victims discourages them from reporting, so it is a relevant issue to study. The objective of this research was to carry out a systematic review with the PRISMA methodology about street harassment and its possible consequences at a psychological, emotional and social level. A search was carried out in the Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed/Medline databases between the years 2014 and 2021. In terms of the findings, 5 articles were found at the conclusion of the search for analysis. Conclusion: Street harassment is a societal issue that has a significant negative impact on victims' mental health and also has an impact on their families. It is said that greater sociocultural analysis is required, as well as possible governmental action, to lessen street harassment

References

1. Ahmed B, Yousaf FN, Asif U-R. Combating Street Harassment: A Challenge for Pakistan. Women & Criminal Justice 2021;31:283-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1644697.

2. Kelly J, Kabanga J, Cragin W, Alcayna-Stevens L, Haider S, Vanrooyen MJ. ‘If your husband doesn’t humiliate you, other people won’t’: Gendered attitudes towards sexual violence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Global Public Health 2012;7:285-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2011.585344.

3. Rosaldo MZ, Lamphere L, editores. Woman, culture, and society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 1974.

4. Ettorre EM. Lesbians, Women and Society. 1.a ed. London: Routledge; 2022. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003318132.

5. Fairchild K, Rudman LA. Everyday Stranger Harassment and Women’s Objectification. Soc Just Res 2008;21:338-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0073-0.

6. Wamoyi J, Ranganathan M, Mugunga S, Stöckl H. Male and Female Conceptualizations of Sexual Harassment in Tanzania: The Role of Consent, Male Power, and Social Norms. J Interpers Violence 2022;37:NP17492-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211028309.

7. Adhikari A, Husain A. Street harassment and coping among Indian college women. Demography India 2021;50:152-62.

8. Vera-Gray F. Men’s intrusion, women’s embodiment: a critical analysis of street harassment. London: Routledge; 2017.

9. Livingston BA, Grillo M, Paluch R. Street harassment: The largest international cross-cultural study. Ithaca, NY: Cornell IRL; 2015.

10. Bordere TC, Sharp EA, Medina C. “It Takes a Lot of Energy”: Surviving Sexism. Promoting Resilience, Londres: Routledge; 2019.

11. Clair RP, Brown NE, Dougherty DS, Delemeester HK, Geist-Martin P, Gorden WI, et al. #MeToo, sexual harassment: an article, a forum, and a dream for the future. Journal of Applied Communication Research 2019;47:111-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2019.1567142.

12. Ahmad NM, Ahmad MM, Masood R. Socio-psychological Implications of Public Harassment for Women in the Capital City of Islamabad. Indian Journal of Gender Studies 2020;27:77-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521519891480.

13. Jeremiah RD, Quinn CR, Alexis JM. Exposing the culture of silence: Inhibiting factors in the prevention, treatment, and mitigation of sexual abuse in the Eastern Caribbean. Child Abuse & Neglect 2017;66:53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.029.

14. Fileborn B. Naming the Unspeakable Harm of Street Harassment: A Survey-Based Examination of Disclosure Practices. Violence Against Women 2019;25:223-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218768709.

15. Meinck F, Cluver LD, Boyes ME, Mhlongo EL. Risk and Protective Factors for Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children and Adolescents in Africa: A Review and Implications for Practice. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 2015;16:81-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014523336.

16. Laniya OO. Street Smut: Gender, Media, and the Legal Power Dynamics of Street Harassment, or Hey Sexy and Other Verbal Ejaculations. Colum J Gender & L 2005;14:91.

17. Day K. Constructing Masculinity and Women’s Fear in Public Space in Irvine, California. Gender, Place & Culture 2001;8:109-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690120050742.

18. Neupane G, Chesney-Lind M. Violence against women on public transport in Nepal: sexual harassment and the spatial expression of male privilege. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 2014;38:23-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2013.794556.

19. Borker G. Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women. Washington, D.C: The World Bank; 2021. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9731.

20. Gekoski A, Gray JM, Adler JR, Horvath MAH. The prevalence and nature of sexual harassment and assault against women and girls on public transport: an international review. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 2017;3:3-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-08-2016-0016.

21. Kennedy AC, Prock KA. «I Still Feel Like I Am Not Normal»: A Review of the Role of Stigma and Stigmatization Among Female Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, Sexual Assault, and Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma Violence Abuse 2018;19:512-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016673601.

22. Fernandez N. Street harassment effects on women: an exploratory study. Long Beach, California: California State University, Long Beach; 2016.

23. Gardner N, Cui J, Coiacetto E. Harassment on public transport and its impacts on women’s travel behaviour. Australian Planner 2017;54:8-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2017.1299189.

24. Lennox R, Jurdi-Hage R. Beyond the empirical and the discursive: The methodological implications of critical realism for street harassment research. Women’s Studies International Forum 2017;60:28-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.11.010.

25. Jirek SL, Saunders DG. Cumulative Adversity as a Correlate of Posttraumatic Growth: The Effects of Multiple Traumas, Discrimination, and Sexual Harassment. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 2018;27:612-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1420720.

26. Kearl H. Unsafe and Harassed in Public Spaces: A National Street Harassment Report. Reston, VA: Stop Street Harassment; 2014.

27. Garrido JA, Billi M, González MJG. ¡Tu «piropo» me violenta! Hacia una definición de acoso sexual callejero como forma de violencia de género. Revista Punto Género 2017:112-37. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0417.2017.46270.

28. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Altman D, Antes G, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement (Chinese edition). Journal of Integrative Medicine 2009;7:889-96. https://doi.org/10.3736/jcim20090918.

29. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Revista Española de Cardiología 2021;74:790-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016.

30. Urrútia G, Bonfill X. La declaración PRISMA: un paso adelante en la mejora de las publicaciones de la Revista Española de Salud Pública. Revista Española de Salud Pública 2013;87:99-102. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1135-57272013000200001.

31. Epstein S, Roberts E, Sedgwick R, Finning K, Ford T, Dutta R, et al. Poor school attendance and exclusion: a systematic review protocol on educational risk factors for self-harm and suicidal behaviours. BMJ Open 2018;8:e023953. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023953.

32. Silva FC da, Arancibia BAV, Iop R da R, Filho PJBG, Silva R da. Escalas y listas de evaluación de la calidad de estudios científicos. Revista Cubana de Información en Ciencias de la Salud 2013;24:295-312.

33. Dhillon M, Bakaya S. Street Harassment: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Young Women in Delhi. SAGE Open 2014;4:2158244014543786. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014543786.

34. Campos PA, Falb KL, Hernández S, Díaz-Olavarrieta C, Gupta J. Experiences of street harassment and associations with perceptions of social cohesion among women in Mexico City. Salud Publica Mex 2017;59:102-5. https://doi.org/10.21149/7961.

35. DelGreco M, Christensen J. Effects of Street Harassment on Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Quality of College Women. Sex Roles 2020;82:473-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01064-6.

36. Rosenbaum MS, Edwards KL, Malla B, Adhikary JR, Ramírez GC. Street harassment is marketplace discrimination: The impact of street harassment on young female consumers’ marketplace experiences. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2020;57:102220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102220.

37. Davidson MM, Butchko MS, Robbins K, Sherd LW, Gervais SJ. The mediating role of perceived safety on street harassment and anxiety. Psychology of Violence 2016;6:553. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039970.

38. Chafai H. Everyday gendered violence: women’s experiences of and discourses on street sexual harassment in Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies 2021;26:1013-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2020.1743184.

39. Logan LS. Street Harassment: Current and Promising Avenues for Researchers and Activists. Sociology Compass 2015;9:196-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12248.

40. Sánchez-Díaz L. Street harassment perception and its relations with self-objectification of women. Inter Disciplina 2019;7:153-70. https://doi.org/10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2019.17.67534.

Downloads

Published

2022-12-09

Issue

Section

Systematic reviews or meta-analyses

How to Cite

1.
Martínez-Líbano J, Gallegos Bulnes J, Oñate Torres N, Villagra Arancibia I. Psychological, emotional, and social consequences of street harassment: a systematic review. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología [Internet]. 2022 Dec. 9 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];2:142. Available from: https://sct.ageditor.ar/index.php/sct/article/view/90