Lipidomics: A comprehensive view of the lipid profile and its relationship to cardiovascular risk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024723Keywords:
Cholesterol LDL, Triglycerides, Lipoprotein(a), Diagnosis, Cardiovascular riskAbstract
Introduction: the World Health Organization stated that cardiovascular diseases cause the death of 17,9 million people annually. The Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis recommended complete lipid analysis including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and lipoprotein (a) for cardiovascular risk.
Objective: to conduct a review article on lipidomics and its integral approach in the analysis of the lipid profile, with emphasis on its relationship with cardiovascular risk, by searching and synthesizing relevant and updated scientific literatura.
Methods: the search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and in the Google Schoolar search engine, following the PRISMA guidelines, the PICO question was posed, studies from the last 5 years and in English language were included.
Results: A total of 5827 documents were obtained and 11 articles were included in the analysis of results. Six articles were used to determine the relationship between non-HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and remaining cholesterol with cardiovascular risk, three for the relationship between lipoprotein (a) and cardiovascular risk and two were used in relation to ethnicity and formulas to determine lipoproteins.
Conclusions: apolipoprotein B over non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol is the best lipid biomarker, lipoprotein (a) is recommended to be measured once in life and it is advisable to measure LDL cholesterol directly
References
1. Araujo Inastrilla CR. Data Visualization in the Information Society. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education. 2023;2:25. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw202325.
2. Mercedes M, Torres M, Alejandra G, Moreira C, Trinidad X, Bailón S, et al. Riesgo cardiovascular y rehabilitación cardíaca de pacientes cardiópatas. RECIMUNDO 2020;4:442-52. https://doi.org/10.26820/RECIMUNDO/4.(1).ENERO.2020.442-452.
3. Han X, Gross RW. The foundations and development of lipidomics. Journal of Lipid Research 2022;63:100164. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JLR.2021.100164.
4. Santos CA, Ortigoza A, Canova Barrios CJ. Nursing students’ perceptions of Clinical Clerkship. Seminars in Medical Writing and Education. 2023;2:30. https://doi.org/10.56294/mw202330.
5. La Carga de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares - OPS/OMS | Organización Panamericana de la Salud 2021.
6. Informe de Ecuador: Mejorando la salud cardiovascular desde comunidades locales hasta el nivel nacional con un enfoque participativo - OPS/OMS | Organización Panamericana de la Salud s. f.
7. Rodríguez AP, Sarria YL, Lázaro R, Gálvez R, Navas MH. Riesgo Cardiovascular Global en el consultorio 10 del Policlínico Mártires de Calabazar. Municipio Boyeros. Revista Cubana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, ISSN-e 1561-2937, Vol 27, No 1, 2021 2021;27:5.
8. Mostaza JM, Pintó X, Armario P, Masana L, Real JT, Valdivielso P, et al. SEA 2022 standards for the comprehensive control of cardiovascular risk. Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition) 2022;34:130-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARTERE.2022.06.002.
9. Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 2016;387:957-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8.
10. Fernández JJD, Forero JEC, González JPC. Hipertensión arterial y riesgo cardiovascular. Revista Repertorio de Medicina y Cirugía 2022;31:230-41. https://doi.org/10.31260/REPERTMEDCIR.01217372.1160.
11. Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, Paciorek CJ, Stevens GA, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet 2021;398:957-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1.
12. Velilla TA, Guijarro C, Ruiz RC, Piñero MR, Marcos JFV, López AMB, et al. Consensus document for lipid profile determination and reporting in Spanish clinical laboratories. What parameters should be included in a basic lipid profile? Nefrología (English Edition) 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEFROE.2023.08.002.
13. Welsh C, Celis-Morales CA, Brown R, MacKay DF, Lewsey J, Mark PB, et al. Comparison of Conventional Lipoprotein Tests and Apolipoproteins in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2019;140:542-52. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041149.
14. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, et al. Guía ESC 2021 sobre la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular en la práctica clínica. Revista Española de Cardiología 2022;75:429.e1-429.e104. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RECESP.2021.10.016.
15. Kathariya G, Aggarwal J, Garg P, Singh S, Manzoor S. Is evaluation of non-HDL-C better than calculated LDL-C in CAD patients? MMIMSR experiences. Indian Heart Journal 2020;72:189-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2020.05.008.
16. Yun SY, Rim JH, Kang H, Lee S-G, Lim J-B. Associations of LDL Cholesterol, Non-HDL Cholesterol, and Apolipoprotein B With Cardiovascular Disease Occurrence in Adults: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Ann Lab Med 2022;43:237-43. https://doi.org/10.3343/alm.2023.43.3.237.
17. Johannesen CDL, Mortensen MB, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Apolipoprotein B and Non-HDL Cholesterol Better Reflect Residual Risk Than LDL Cholesterol in Statin-Treated Patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2021;77:1439-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.027.
18. Lamprea-Montealegre JA, Staplin N, Herrington WG, Haynes R, Emberson J, Baigent C, et al. Apolipoprotein B, Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Persons with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020;15:47-60. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07320619.
19. Brunner FJ, Waldeyer C, Ojeda F, Salomaa V, Kee F, Sans S, et al. Application of non-HDL cholesterol for population-based cardiovascular risk stratification: results from the Multinational Cardiovascular Risk Consortium. The Lancet 2019;394:2173-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32519-X.
20. Castañer O, Pintó X, Subirana I, Amor AJ, Ros E, Hernáez Á, et al. Remnant Cholesterol, Not LDL Cholesterol, Is Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020;76:2712-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.008.
21. Mehta A, Virani SS, Ayers CR, Sun W, Hoogeveen RC, Rohatgi A, et al. Lipoprotein(a) and Family History Predict Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020;76:781-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.040.
22. Bartoli-Leonard F, Turner ME, Zimmer J, Chapurlat R, Pham T, Aikawa M, et al. Elevated lipoprotein(a) as a predictor for coronary events in older men. Journal of Lipid Research 2022;63:100242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100242.
23. Anagnostis P, Rizos CV, Skoumas I, Rallidis L, Tziomalos K, Skalidis E, et al. Association between lipoprotein(a) concentrations and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: an analysis from the HELLAS-FH. Endocrine 2022;76:324-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-022-03013-y.
24. Zakai NA, Minnier J, Safford MM, Koh I, Irvin MR, Fazio S, et al. Race-Dependent Association of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels With Incident Coronary Artery Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2022;80:2104-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.027.
25. Briers P-J, Langlois MR. Concordance of apolipoprotein B concentration with the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, and Sampson formulas for calculating LDL cholesterol. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2022;32:010704. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2022.010704.
26. Hansen MK, Mortensen MB, Olesen KKW, Thrane PG, Maeng M. Non-HDL cholesterol and residual risk of cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic heart disease and well-controlled LDL cholesterol: a cohort study. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 2023;36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100774.
27. Guía ESC/EAS 2019 sobre el tratamiento de las dislipemias: modificación de los lípidos para reducir el riesgo cardiovascular. Revista Española de Cardiología 2020;73:403.e1-403.e70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RECESP.2019.10.031.
28. Yang XH, Zhang BL, Cheng Y, Fu SK, Jin HM. Association of remnant cholesterol with risk of cardiovascular disease events, stroke, and mortality: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2023;371:21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATHEROSCLEROSIS.2023.03.012.
29. Mehta A, Vasquez N, Ayers CR, Patel J, Hooda A, Khera A, et al. Independent Association of Lipoprotein(a) and Coronary Artery Calcification With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2022;79:757-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2021.11.058.
30. Trinder M, Paruchuri K, Haidermota S, Bernardo R, Zekavat SM, Gilliland T, et al. Repeat Measures of Lipoprotein(a) Molar Concentration and Cardiovascular Risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2022;79:617-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JACC.2021.11.055/SUPPL_FILE/MMC1.DOCX.
31. Silva VB, Chaves C, Oliveira JC, Palma I. Comparison of the accuracy of the Friedewald, Martin, and Sampson formulas to estimate very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Endokrynologia Polska 2023;74:203-10. https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.A2023.0025.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Karen Nicole Punina Lindo, Álvaro Sebastián Ron Mora (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
