Cannabis as a precursor of psychosis and its relationship with schizophrenia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023262Keywords:
Schizophrenia, Cannabis Sativa, Tetrahydrocannabinol, CannabidiolAbstract
Introduction: schizophrenia is a chronic mental disease affecting around 24 million people worldwide. Within this disease, it is common to find the consumption of psychoactive substances by patients, with cannabis ranking first on the list; this drug bears a particular relation to schizophrenia through the effects of the cannabinoids proper to that plant.
Objective: determine the relationship between the consumption of cannabis and schizophrenia.
Methodology: a narrative bibliographic review was performed to find information using databases such as Scopus and PubMed with descriptors MESH/DECS via keywords, taking into account articles from 2009 to 2023, in English and Spanish and with criteria of inclusion and exclusion of the articles to be analyzed.
Results: it was assessed that cannabis consumption could trigger a psychotic episode in vulnerable individuals; the transition to psychosis was found to occur among those who started to consume cannabis before being 15 years old and continued consuming it frequently. Cannabis consumers were not more prone to develop psychosis than those who had never consumed cannabis.
Conclusions: cannabis consumption is one of the most important modifiable risk factors in the development of psychosis since it works as a componential cause for the outcome of a psychotic event framed within the spectrum of schizophrenia
References
1. Lucas CJ, Galettis P, Schneider J. The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84(11):2477-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13710
2. Jenkins BW, Khokhar JY. Cannabis Use and Mental Illness: Understanding Circuit Dysfunction Through Preclinical Models. Front Psychiatry 2021 ;12:597725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.597725
3. Connor JP, Stjepanović D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney AJ, Hall WD. Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021; 7(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00247-4
4. Jalewa J, Todd J, Michie PT, Hodgson DM, Harms L. The effect of schizophrenia risk factors on mismatch responses in a rat model. Psychophysiology 2023; 60(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14175
5. Gunasekera B, Diederen K, Bhattacharyya S. Cannabinoids, reward processing, and psychosis. Psychopharmacology 2022; 239(5):1157-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05801-2
6. Queirós TP, Coelho FS, Linhares LA, Correia DT. Esquizofrenia: O Que o Médico Não Psiquiatra Precisa de Saber. Acta Med Port 2019; 32(1):70. https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.10768
7. Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Diminic S, Stockings E, Scott JG, et al. Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2018; 44(6):1195-203. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby058
8. Green MF, Horan WP, Lee J. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 2015; 16(10), 620–631. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4005
9. Hamilton I. Cannabis, psychosis and schizophrenia: unravelling a complex interaction: Cannabis, psychosis and schizophrenia. Addiction 2017; 112(9):1653-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13826
10. Pozo-Hernández E, Mariño-Tamayo C, , Ramos-Galarza C. EFECTOS NEUROPSICOLÓGICOS POR EL CONSUMO DE MARIHUANA EN ADULTOS JÓVENES. http://dx.doi.org/10.7714/CNPS/13.3.201
11. Blair Thies M, DeRosse P, Sarpal DK, Argyelan M, Fales CL, Gallego JA, et al. Interaction of Cannabis Use Disorder and Striatal Connectivity in Antipsychotic Treatment Response. Schizophrenia Bulletin Open 2020; 1(1):sgaa014. https://doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa014
12. Ortiz-Medina MB, Perea M, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Vitrani G, Aguilar L, et al. Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development. Int J Soc Psychiatry. noviembre de 2018;64(7):690-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018801690
13. Wilson J, Freeman TP, Mackie CJ. Effects of increasing cannabis potency on adolescent health. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2019; 3(2):121-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30342-0
14. Hamilton I, Monaghan M. Cannabis and Psychosis: Are We any Closer to Understanding the Relationship? Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21(7):48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1044-x
15. Sami MB, Bhattacharyya S. Are cannabis-using and non-using patients different groups? Towards understanding the neurobiology of cannabis use in psychotic disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2018;32(8):825-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118760662
16. Valmaggia LR, Day FL, Jones C, Bissoli S, Pugh C, Hall D, et al. Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high risk. Psychol Med 2014; 44(12):2503-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000117
17. Wobrock T, Sittinger H, Behrendt B, D’Amelio R, Falkai P. Comorbid substance abuse and brain morphology in recent-onset psychosis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259(1):28-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-0707-x
18. Salazar de Pablo G, Davies C, de Diego H, Solmi M, Shin JI, Carvalho AF, Radua J, Fusar-Poli P. Transition to psychosis in randomized clinical trials of individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis compared to observational cohorts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists 2021; 64(1), e51. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2222
19. Hindley G, Beck K, Borgan F, Ginestet CE, McCutcheon R, Kleinloog D, et al. Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7(4):344-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30074-2
20. Colizzi M, Weltens N, McGuire P, Lythgoe D, Williams S, Van Oudenhove L, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases striatal glutamate levels in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25(12):3231-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0374-8
21. Welch KA, McIntosh AM, Job DE, Whalley HC, Moorhead TW, Hall J, et al. The Impact of Substance Use on Brain Structure in People at High Risk of Developing Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 2011;37(5):1066-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbq013
22. James A, Hough M, James S, Winmill L, Burge L, Nijhawan S, et al. Greater white and grey matter changes associated with early cannabis use in adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS). Schizophrenia Research 2011; 128(1-3):91-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.02.014
23. Welch KA, Stanfield AC, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, Job DE, Moorhead TW, et al. Impact of cannabis use on thalamic volume in people at familial high risk of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry; 199(5):386-90. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.090175
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Roberto Carlos Mora Vera, Rosa Solorzano, Jorge Andrés Lozano Aveiga, Byron Enrique Peña Cordero (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
