Relationship between workload and psychological capital in a sample of Peruvian basic education teachers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023864Keywords:
Workload, Psychological Well-Being, Mental Health, Teachers, Basic EducationAbstract
Introduction: in the educational context, workload entails various responsibilities, from planning and conducting classes to participating in extracurricular activities. This array of tasks can affect teachers, both in their performance and in their physical and mental well-being.
Objective: to determine if workload is related to the psychological capital of Peruvian basic education teachers.
Methods: a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional correlational study was conducted. The sample consisted of 183 teachers who were administered the Workload Scale and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire, instruments with adequate metric properties.
Results: preliminarily, it was determined that 39,3 % of teachers perceived their workload to be high. Similarly, 52,5 % of teachers also rated their psychological capital as high. Additionally, a correlation coefficient of -0,539 (p<0,05) was found between both variables.
Conclusions: there is an inverse and significant relationship between workload and the psychological capital of elementary school teachers. Therefore, it is recommended that educational authorities establish institutional policies that promote a balanced workload-resource ratio for teachers. This may include adequate allocation of resources and materials, as well as a review of assessment and work planning practices. Furthermore, implementing psychological support programs, time management, and stress management is suggested to ensure teachers' well-being
References
1. Avey J, Luthans F, Youssef C. The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. J. Manag. 2010;36(2):430-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308329961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308329961
2. Alarcon JCM. Information security: A comprehensive approach to risk management in the digital world. SCT Proceedings in Interdisciplinary Insights and Innovations 2023;1:84-84. https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202384
3. Alvites C. Estrés docente y factores psicosociales en docentes de Latinoamérica, Norteamérica y Europa. Propósitos Represent. 2019;7(3):141-159. https://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2019.v7n3.393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20511/pyr2019.v7n3.393
4. Auza-Santiváñez JC, Díaz JAC, Cruz OAV, Robles-Nina SM, Escalante CS, Huanca BA. Bibliometric Analysis of the Worldwide Scholarly Output on Artificial Intelligence in Scopus. Gamification and Augmented Reality 2023;1:11-11. https://doi.org/10.56294/gr202311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/gr202311
5. Auza-Santivañez JC, Lopez-Quispe AG, Carías A, Huanca BA, Remón AS, Condo-Gutierrez AR, et al. Improvements in functionality and quality of life after aquatic therapy in stroke survivors. AG Salud 2023;1:15-15. https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202315
6. Bakker A, Demerouti E. Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. J Occup Health Psychol. 2017;22(3):273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
7. Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Am Psychol. 1992;37(2):122-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.37.2.122
8. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.84.2.191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.84.2.191
9. Barrios CJC, Hereñú MP, Francisco SM. Augmented reality for surgical skills training, update on the topic. Gamification and Augmented Reality 2023;1:8-8. https://doi.org/10.56294/gr20238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/gr20238
10. Batista-Mariño Y, Gutiérrez-Cristo HG, Díaz-Vidal M, Peña-Marrero Y, Mulet-Labrada S, Díaz LE-R. Behavior of stomatological emergencies of dental origin. Mario Pozo Ochoa Stomatology Clinic. 2022-2023. AG Odontologia 2023;1:6-6. https://doi.org/10.62486/agodonto20236.
11. Bayona H, Guevara L. El capital psicológico positivo y su relación con comportamientos discrecionales en trabajadores de Lima, Perú. Rev. colomb. psicol. 2019;28(1):49-64. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v28n1.66462 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v28n1.66462
12. Boamah S, Laschinger H. Engaging new nurses: the role of psychological capital and workplace empowerment. J. Res. Nurs. 2015;20(4):265-277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987114527302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987114527302
13. Calderón G, Merino C, Juárez A, Jimenez M. Validación de la escala de carga de trabajo en trabajadores peruanos. Arch Prev Riesgos Labor. 2018;21(3):123-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.12961/aprl.2018.21.03.2
14. Calderón G, Merino C, Juárez A, Jimenez M. Validación de la escala de carga de trabajo en trabajadores peruanos. Arch Prev Riesgos Labor. 2018;21(3):123-127. https://dx.doi.org/10.12961/aprl.2018.21.03.2
15. Cano CAG, Castillo VS. Systematic review on Augmented Reality in health education. Gamification and Augmented Reality 2023;1:28-28. https://doi.org/10.56294/gr202328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/gr202328
16. Cardenas DC. Health and Safety at Work: Importance of the Ergonomic Workplace. SCT Proceedings in Interdisciplinary Insights and Innovations 2023;1:83-83. https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202383
17. Carmona M, Villegas J. El capital psicológico predice el bienestar y desempeño en estudiantes secundarios chilenos. Interam J Psychol. 2018;52(3):399-409. https://doi.org/10.30849/rip %20ijp.v52i3.542
18. Castillo-González W. Kinesthetic treatment on stiffness, quality of life and functional independence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AG Salud 2023;1:20-20. https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202320
19. Cayupe J, Bernedo D, Morales W, Alcaraz F, Peña K, Saintila J, Flores A. Self-efficacy, organizational commitment, workload as predictors of life satisfaction in elementary school teachers: the mediating role of job satisfaction. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1066321. https://doi.org/10.3389 %2Ffpsyg.2023.1066321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1066321
20. Cuervo MED. Exclusive breastfeeding. Factors that influence its abandonment. AG Multidisciplinar 2023;1:6-6. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu20236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu20236
21. Demerouti E, Bakker A, Nachreiner F, Schaufeli W. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J Appl Psychol. 2001;86(3):499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
22. Diaz DPM. Staff turnover in companies. AG Managment 2023;1:16-16. https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202316
23. Dionicio RJA, Serna YPO, Claudio BAM, Ruiz JAZ. Sales processes of the consultants of a company in the bakery industry. Southern Perspective / Perspectiva Austral 2023;1:2-2. https://doi.org/10.56294/pa20232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/pa20232
24. El Shobaky A, Al Shobaki M, El Talla S, Abu-Naser S. The Relationship between psychological capital and job absorption among employees in Palestinian universities. Int J Acad Manag Sci Res (IJAMSR). 2020;4(11):63-85.
25. Escribano E. El desempeño del docente como factor asociado a la calidad educativa en América Latina. Rev Educ. 2018;42(2):738–752. https://doi.org/10.15517/revedu.v42i2.27033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15517/revedu.v42i2.27033
26. Estrada E, Bautista J, Quispe Y, Roque E, Arce E, León L, Incacutipa D, Achata C. Predictores de la satisfacción con la vida en docentes de educación básica en la pospandemia: Un estudio transversal. J. of Law and Sust. Develop. 2023;11(5):e947. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i5.947 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i5.947
27. Estrada E, Bautista J, Velazco B, Mamani H, Ascona P, Arias Y. Post-Pandemic mental health: Psychological distress and burnout syndrome in regular basic education teachers. Soc Sci. 2023;12(5):279. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12050279 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12050279
28. Estrada E, Gallegos N, Paredes Y, Quispe R, Mori J. Workload and burnout syndrome as predictors of job satisfaction in Peruvian teachers. Univ Soc. 2023;15(4):575-582.
29. Estrada E, Gallegos N, Velasquez L. Salud mental de los docentes de educación básica durante el retorno a la educación presencial. Rev Cubana Med Militar. 2023;52(3):e02302671.
30. Figueredo-Rigores A, Blanco-Romero L, Llevat-Romero D. Systemic view of periodontal diseases. AG Odontologia 2023;1:14-14. https://doi.org/10.62486/agodonto202314.
31. Frank M, Ricci E. Education for sustainability: Transforming school curricula. Southern Perspective / Perspectiva Austral 2023;1:3-3. https://doi.org/10.56294/pa20233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/pa20233
32. Gómez L, Muriel L, Londoño D. El papel del docente para el logro de un aprendizaje significativo apoyado en las TIC. Encuentros. 2019;17(2):118-131.
33. Gómez LVB, Guevara DAN. Analysis of the difference of the legally relevant facts of the indicator facts. AG Multidisciplinar 2023;1:17-17. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202317
34. Gonzalez-Argote D, Gonzalez-Argote J, Machuca-Contreras F. Blockchain in the health sector: a systematic literature review of success cases. Gamification and Augmented Reality 2023;1:6-6. https://doi.org/10.56294/gr20236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/gr20236
35. Gonzalez-Argote J, Castillo-González W. Productivity and Impact of the Scientific Production on Human-Computer Interaction in Scopus from 2018 to 2022. AG Multidisciplinar 2023;1:10-10. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eetiot.5223
36. Harms P, Luthans F. Measuring implicit psychological constructs in organizational behavior: An example using psychological capital. J Organizat Behavior. 2012;33(4):589-594. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1785 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1785
37. Herera LMZ. Consequences of global warming. SCT Proceedings in Interdisciplinary Insights and Innovations 2023;1:74-74. https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202374
38. Hernández R, Mendoza C. Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. México: McGraw-Hill; 2018.
39. Ilies R, Dimotakis N, De Pater IE. Psychological and physiological reactions to high workloads: implications for well-being. Pers Psychol. 2010;63:407-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01175.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01175.x
40. Jackson LTB, Fransman EI. Flexi work, financial well-being, work-life balance and their effects on subjective experiences of productivity and job satisfaction of females in an institution of higher learning. S. Afr. J. Econ. Manag. Sci. 2018;21(1):a1487. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v21i1.1487
41. King D, Newman A, Luthans F. Not if, but when we need resilience in the workplace. J Organizat Behavior. 2015;37(5):782-786. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2063
42. Lazarus R, Folkman S. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1984.
43. Ledesma-Céspedes N, Leyva-Samue L, Barrios-Ledesma L. Use of radiographs in endodontic treatments in pregnant women. AG Odontologia 2023;1:3-3. https://doi.org/10.62486/agodonto20233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/ri202367
44. Londoño S, Gómez G, González V. Percepción de los docentes frente a la carga laboral de un grupo de instituciones educativas colombianas del sector público. Espacios. 2019;40(2):26.
45. Lopez ACA. Contributions of John Calvin to education. A systematic review. AG Multidisciplinar 2023;1:11-11. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202311
46. López M, Rubio S, Diaz E, Aparicio M. Psychological capital, workload, and burnout: What’s new? The impact of personal accomplishment to promote sustainable working conditions. Sustainability. 2020;12(19):8124. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198124 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198124
47. Lutete R, Pereira M, Escórcio A. Influência do capital psicológico na aprendizagem interna em equipes: papel mediador da estrutura percebida da equipe. Rev Adm Empres. 2021;61(4):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020210405x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020210405x
48. Luthans F, Avolio BJ, Avey BJ, Norman SM. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Pers Psychol. 2007;60:541-572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
49. Luthans F, Youssef C, Avolio B. Psychological capital. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t06483-000
50. Marcelo KVG, Claudio BAM, Ruiz JAZ. Impact of Work Motivation on service advisors of a public institution in North Lima. Southern Perspective / Perspectiva Austral 2023;1:11-11. https://doi.org/10.56294/pa202311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/pa202311
51. Millán YA, Montano-Silva RM, Ruiz-Salazar R. Epidemiology of oral cancer. AG Odontologia 2023;1:17-17. https://doi.org/10.62486/agodonto202317.
52. Ministerio de Educación. Marco del Buen Desempeño Docente. Lima: MINEDU; 2014.
53. Mosquera ASB, Román-Mireles A, Rodríguez-Álvarez AM, Mora CC, Esmeraldas E del CO, Barrios BSV, et al. Science as a bridge to scientific knowledge: literature review. AG Multidisciplinar 2023;1:20-20. https://doi.org/10.62486/agmu202320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202346
54. Neyişci N, Yılmaz P. Determination of psychological capital levels of teachers in distance education. Int Online J Educ Teach (IOJET). 2022;9(4):1398-1411.
55. Ojeda EKE. Emotional Salary. SCT Proceedings in Interdisciplinary Insights and Innovations 2023;1:73-73. https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202373
56. Olguín-Martínez CM, Rivera RIB, Perez RLR, Guzmán JRV, Romero-Carazas R, Suárez NR, et al. Bibliometric analysis of occupational health in civil construction works. AG Salud 2023;1:10-10. https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202310
57. Osorio CA, Londoño CÁ. El dictamen pericial en la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa de conformidad con la ley 2080 de 2021. Southern Perspective / Perspectiva Austral 2024;2:22-22. https://doi.org/10.56294/pa202422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/pa202422
58. Polo LFB. Effects of stress on employees. AG Salud 2023;1:31-31. https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud202331
59. Portoghese I, Galletta M, Coppola RC, Finco G, Campagna M. Burnout and workload among health care workers: the moderating role of job control. Saf Health Work. 2014;5(3):152–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2014.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2014.05.004
60. Pupo-Martínez Y, Dalmau-Ramírez E, Meriño-Collazo L, Céspedes-Proenza I, Cruz-Sánchez A, Blanco-Romero L. Occlusal changes in primary dentition after treatment of dental interferences. AG Odontologia 2023;1:10-10. https://doi.org/10.62486/agodonto202310.
61. Ramos YAV. Little Attention of Companies in the Commercial Sector Regarding the Implementation of Safety and Health at Work in Colombia During the Year 2015 to 2020. SCT Proceedings in Interdisciplinary Insights and Innovations 2023;1:79-79. https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/piii202379
62. Roa BAV, Ortiz MAC, Cano CAG. Analysis of the simple tax regime in Colombia, case of night traders in the city of Florencia, Caquetá. AG Managment 2023;1:14-14. https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202321
63. Rodríguez J, Guevara A, Viramontes E. Síndrome de burnout en docentes. IE Rev Investig Educ REDIECH. 2017;8(14):45-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33010/ie_rie_rediech.v8i14.39
64. Rodríguez LPM, Sánchez PAS. Social appropriation of knowledge applying the knowledge management methodology. Case study: San Miguel de Sema, Boyacá. AG Managment 2023;1:13-13. https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202313 DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202313
65. Romero-Carazas R. Prompt lawyer: a challenge in the face of the integration of artificial intelligence and law. Gamification and Augmented Reality 2023;1:7-7. https://doi.org/10.56294/gr20237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/gr20237
66. Saavedra MOR. Revaluation of Property, Plant and Equipment under the criteria of IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment. AG Managment 2023;1:11-11. https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202311
67. Salessi S. Capital psicológico, pasión por el trabajo y comportamiento innovador: un estudio exploratorio con docentes santafesinos. Rev Psicol. 2020;19(1):88–103. https://doi.org/10.24215/2422572Xe045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24215/2422572Xe045
68. Salessi S. Capital psicológico, trabajo significativo y satisfacción laboral en docentes de Argentina. Rev IRICE. 2023;1(45):75-90. https://doi.org/10.35305/revistairice.vi45.1746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35305/revistairice.vi45.1746
69. Solano AVC, Arboleda LDC, García CCC, Dominguez CDC. Benefits of artificial intelligence in companies. AG Managment 2023;1:17-17. https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agma202317
70. Sumalrot T, Suwanwong C, Pimthong S, Surakarn A, Chiangkhong A, Khunakorncharatphong A. The development and effectiveness of web-based psychological capital intervention on the mental well-being of tourism workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychol. 2023;11(1):138. https://doi.org/10.1186 %2Fs40359-023-01189-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01189-0
71. Teng M, Yuan Z, He H, Wang J. Levels and influencing factors of mental workload among intensive care unit nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Pract. 2023;e13167. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.13167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.13167
72. Valdés IYM, Valdés LC, Fuentes SS. Professional development, professionalization and successful professional performance of the Bachelor of Optometry and Opticianry. AG Salud 2023;1:7-7. https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud20237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62486/agsalud20237
73. Van Woerkom M, Bakker A, Nishii L. Accumulative job demands and support for strength use: Fine-tuning the job demands-resources model using conservation of resources theory. J Appl Psychol. 2015;101:141-150. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000033
74. Velásquez AA, Gómez JAY, Claudio BAM, Ruiz JAZ. Soft skills and the labor market insertion of students in the last cycles of administration at a university in northern Lima. Southern Perspective / Perspectiva Austral 2024;2:21-21. https://doi.org/10.56294/pa202421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56294/pa202421
75. Verástegui B, Vales J. Carga Laboral docente en tiempos de pandemia, factor de estrés y su impacto en la enseñanza remota. Rev Iberoam Educ. 2022;1(S1):1-17.
76. Walumbwa F, Luthans F, Avey J, Oke A. Authentically leading groups: The mediating role of collective psychological capital and trust. J Organizat Behavior. 2011;32(1):4-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.653
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Edwin Gustavo Estrada-Araoz, Néstor Antonio Gallegos-Ramos, Yolanda Paredes-Valverde, Rosel Quispe-Herrera (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
