Problem-Based Learning and Higher-Order Thinking Skills: A Scopus-Based Bibliometric Analysis of Trends, Sources, and Collaboration Networks

Abstract

Introduction: this study systematically mapped research developments on Problem-Based Learning and Higher-Order Thinking Skills in higher education using a bibliometric approach.
Method: data were collected from the Scopus database using keyword combinations, yielding 41 documents published between 1997 and 2025. Formal analysis included publication trend charting, co-occurrence mapping (VOSviewer), and citation analysis to examine the structural and intellectual landscape.
Results: publications peaked in 2020 (13 documents) and were dominated by Conference Papers. The research was highly concentrated in Physics and Astronomy (35.6%) and was overwhelmingly led by Indonesia, with Universitas Sebelas Maret being the most productive institution. The analysis confirmed the seminal work by Hmelo and Ferrari (1997) as the theoretical foundation, while contemporary efforts focused on quantitative validation and technological integration (e.g., e-modules).
Conclusions: the field experienced a rapid growth phase driven by global educational shifts. The strong regional dominance establishes a need for comparative studies to enhance the external validity of the successful Problem-Based Learning models developed in the region. Future research should prioritize systematic literature reviews to consolidate the empirical evidence base.