Digital Pathways to Radicalization: Step to Terrorism with Understanding Social, Psychological, and Technological Dimensions of Terrorism in Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction: radicalization and terrorism have become pressing public health and social challenges in Indonesia, where individuals are increasingly exposed to extremist ideologies through diverse social and technological channels. Family and friendship networks, religious institutions, educational settings, and especially digital platforms contribute to the dissemination of radical narratives. The rapid expansion of social media has accelerated the spread of extremist content, intensifying the risk of radicalization at the community level.
Objective: this study aims to analyze the stages through which individuals in Indonesia progress toward radicalization and terrorism. By applying the theory of the three stages of terrorism, the research investigates how exposure to social and digital environments facilitates the pathway to extremist organizations such as Al Jamaah Al Islamiyah, Negara Islam Indonesia, and Jamaah Anshar Daulah. The study further seeks to highlight the social, psychological, and technological dimensions of these processes and their implications for public health and resilience.
Method: a qualitative design was employed, combining primary and secondary document analysis with interpretative approaches to map the radicalization trajectory. The data were drawn from organizational records, policy documents, media reports, and prior research to trace individual pathways from pre-radicalism to acts of terror. This triangulated method enabled a contextualized understanding of the dynamic interplay between social influence, psychological vulnerability, and technological drivers of radicalization.
Results: findings reveal that radicalization in Indonesia follows three interconnected phases: pre-radicalism, exposure to radical ideologies, and participation in terror acts. Social networks provide the initial entry points, while digital technologies amplify and accelerate recruitment and indoctrination processes. The study concludes that radicalization is not only a security concern but also a multidimensional issue that intersects with health, social well-being, and technological development. Strengthening digital literacy, fostering community resilience, and integrating preventive policies across health, education, and technology sectors are crucial strategies to mitigate the risks of radicalization and terrorism.