The Cognitive Role of Lecturers in Sustainable Higher Education Development: A PLS-SEM Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20252321Keywords:
Sustainable development, Higher education, Faculty awareness, PLS-SEM, Green campus, CollaborationAbstract
This study explores the factors shaping faculty awareness of sustainable development in higher education and analyzes the impact of faculty awareness on institutional sustainability. Data were collected from 339 lecturers in Vietnamese universities and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that Faculty training and competence (as discussed later), green campus initiatives, and national and international collaboration significantly enhance faculty awareness, while institutional commitment has a small but insignificant positive effect, teaching methods are not significant. Faculty awareness itself positively contributes to sustainable development in higher education, confirming its mediating role between institutional factors and sustainability outcomes.
The study enriches the literature by highlighting the cognitive role of faculty in advancing sustainability. Practical implications include investing in faculty development, expanding collaboration networks, promoting green campus strategies, and translating institutional commitments into concrete actions. Limitations relate to convenience sampling and cross-sectional data, suggesting directions for broader, longitudinal, and mixed-method research.
References
1. Al FJHA et. Integrating sustainability into teaching and research practice at a higher education institution: A holistic approach. ECORFAN J Colomb. 2024;
2. Handayani MN. INTEGRATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTO HIGHER EDUCATION CURRICULUM. J Sustain Dev Educ Res [Internet]. 2019 May 14;3(1):43. Available from: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/JSDER/article/view/17171
3. Margaret Stella Ujeyo Suubi, Rovincer Najjuma RB. Information Communication Technologies and Implementation of Education for Sustainable Development in Higher Education in Uganda: A case of Busitema University. uganda High Educ Rev [Internet]. 2022 Dec 20;10(1):100–13. Available from: https://journal.unche.or.ug/vol-10-issue-1-chapter-7/
4. Lim CK, Haufiku MS, Tan KL, Farid Ahmed M, Ng TF. Systematic Review of Education Sustainable Development in Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability [Internet]. 2022 Oct 14;14(20):13241. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13241
5. Lal MP, Nagariya R, Dawar G. Unlocking the Path to Sustainable Development Through Higher Education. In 2024. p. 101–22. Available from: https://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/979-8-3693-6765-0.ch004
6. Bespalyy S, Alnazarova G, Scalcione VN, Vitliemov P, Sichinava A, Petrenko A, et al. Sustainable development awareness and integration in higher education: a comparative analysis of universities in Central Asia, South Caucasus and the EU. Discov Sustain [Internet]. 2024 Oct 23;5(1):346. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43621-024-00562-2
7. Nora A, Cabrera AF. The construct validity of Institutional Commitment: A confirmatory factor analysis. Res High Educ [Internet]. 1993 Apr;34(2):243–62. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00992164
8. Lohmann S. Why Do Institutions Matter? An Audience–Cost Theory of Institutional Commitment. Governance [Internet]. 2003 Jan 6;16(1):95–110. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0491.t01-1-00209
9. Zhao-Ming G. A Quest into Institutional Commitment. J Jishou Univ. 2004;
10. Orphan CM, Broom S. Life at the “people’s universities”: organizational identification and commitment among regional comprehensive university faculty members in the USA. High Educ [Internet]. 2021 Jul 3;82(1):181–201. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10734-020-00629-9
11. SPILLER PT. Institutions and Commitment. Ind Corp Chang [Internet]. 1996 Jan 1;5(2):421–52. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/icc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icc/5.2.421
12. Davidson WB, Beck HP, Grisaffe DB. Increasing the Institutional Commitment of College Students. J Coll Student Retent Res Theory Pract [Internet]. 2015 Aug 27;17(2):162–85. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1521025115578230
13. Schuster R, King BR. First-year student retention, goal commitment, and institutional commitment: two meta-analyses. SN Soc Sci [Internet]. 2022 Jul 29;2(8):145. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43545-022-00446-0
14. Budihardjo MA, Ramadan BS, Putri SA, Wahyuningrum IFS, Muhammad FI. Towards Sustainability in Higher-Education Institutions: Analysis of Contributing Factors and Appropriate Strategies. Sustainability [Internet]. 2021 Jun 9;13(12):6562. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/12/6562
15. Menon M, Paretti M. Comparative Study on Faculty Decision-Making in Engineering Education for Sustainable Development. In: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Ethics in Engineering, Science, and Technology (ETHICS) [Internet]. IEEE; 2023. p. 1–1. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10154945/
16. Abo-Khalil AG. Integrating sustainability into higher education challenges and opportunities for universities worldwide. Heliyon [Internet]. 2024 May;10(9):e29946. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844024059772
17. Leal S, Azeiteiro UM, Aleixo AM. Sustainable development in Portuguese higher education institutions from the faculty perspective. J Clean Prod [Internet]. 2024 Jan;434:139863. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652623040210
18. Jabeen F. The Alignment of Universities With Sustainable Development Goals: How Do Academics Perceive the Progress (Not) Made? IEEE Trans Eng Manag [Internet]. 2024;71:13545–57. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9804227/
19. Bilal, Guraya SY, Chen S. The impact and effectiveness of faculty development program in fostering the faculty’s knowledge, skills, and professional competence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi J Biol Sci [Internet]. 2019 May;26(4):688–97. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1319562X17302723
20. Galikhanov MF, Khasanova GF. Faculty Training for Online Teaching: Roles, Competences, Contents. High Educ Russ [Internet]. 2019 Mar 8;28(2):51–62. Available from: https://vovr.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/1612
21. Gabr B. Evaluation of Transfer of Training among Medical Educators after Attending a Faculty Development Program about Competency Based Education. J Heal Prof Educ Innov [Internet]. 2024 Apr 1;1(2):47–57. Available from: https://jhpei.journals.ekb.eg/article_352768.html
22. Schultz KW, Kolomitro K, Koppula S, Bethune CH. Competency-based faculty development: applying transformations from lessons learned in competency-based medical education. Can Med Educ J [Internet]. 2023 Aug 2; Available from: https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cmej/article/view/75768
23. Milner RJ, Gusic ME, Thorndyke LE. Perspective: Toward a Competency Framework for Faculty. Acad Med [Internet]. 2011 Oct;86(10):1204–10. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00001888-201110000-00016
24. Shankar S, N G, Surekha TP. Faculty Competency Framework: Towards A Better Learning Profession. Procedia Comput Sci [Internet]. 2020;172:357–63. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877050920313843
25. Foroughi Z, Hoseini Abardeh M, Yazdani S, Soleimanpour S. Roles and competencies of medical faculty members: A competency framework. Med Teach [Internet]. 2025 Jan 2;47(1):151–9. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0142159X.2024.2323711
26. Phuong TT, Duong BH. Toward a competency-based professional development framework for faculty members: insiders’ perspectives. Tert Educ Manag [Internet]. 2022 Dec 17;28(4):283–300. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11233-022-09103-w
27. Syahputra MT, Rita E, Carlo N, Jumas DY, Mulyani R, Fuadi AB. Scoring Setting and Infrastructure di Kampus Politeknik Negeri Medan Berdasar UI Green Metric Guide Lines 2023. J Talent Sipil [Internet]. 2025 Feb 4;8(1):174. Available from: https://talentasipil.unbari.ac.id/index.php/talenta/article/view/667
28. Rahmasari K, Dewi OC, Putra N, Salsabila ND, Danusastro Y. Green Building Certification in Educational Facility. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci [Internet]. 2024 Sep 1;1395(1):012024. Available from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1395/1/012024
29. Gulwadi GB, Mishchenko ED, Hallowell G, Alves S, Kennedy M. The restorative potential of a university campus: Objective greenness and student perceptions in Turkey and the United States. Landsc Urban Plan [Internet]. 2019 Jul;187:36–46. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204619303433
30. Liu W, Sun N, Guo J, Zheng Z. Campus Green Spaces, Academic Achievement and Mental Health of College Students. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Jul 15;19(14):8618. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/14/8618
31. Abu Qdais H, Saadeh O, Al-Widyan M, Al-tal R, Abu-Dalo M. Environmental sustainability features in large university campuses. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2019 Feb 4;20(2):214–28. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/20/2/214-228/157789
32. Pereira Ribeiro JM, Hoeckesfeld L, Dal Magro CB, Favretto J, Barichello R, Lenzi FC, et al. Green Campus Initiatives as sustainable development dissemination at higher education institutions: Students’ perceptions. J Clean Prod [Internet]. 2021 Aug;312:127671. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652621018898
33. Makarova E, Wang J. Promoting sustainable development and universities cooperation. Strielkowski W, Animitsa E, Dvoryadkina E, editors. E3S Web Conf [Internet]. 2020 Nov 24;208:09015. Available from: https://www.e3s-conferences.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020809015
34. Glavič P. Identifying Key Issues of Education for Sustainable Development. Sustainability [Internet]. 2020 Aug 12;12(16):6500. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/16/6500
35. Fokdal J, Čolić R, Milovanović Rodić D. Integrating sustainability in higher planning education through international cooperation. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2020 Jan 6;21(1):1–17. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/21/1/1-17/158935
36. Yoshida K. Guest editorial: International cooperation in education at the new stage. J Int Coop Educ [Internet]. 2023 Mar 24;25(1):1–3. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/jice/article/25/1/1-3/227442
37. Li J, Xue E. Exploring High-Quality Institutional Internationalization for Higher Education Sustainability in China: Evidence from Stakeholders. Sustainability [Internet]. 2022 Jun 21;14(13):7572. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/13/7572
38. Caniglia G, John B, Bellina L, Lang DJ, Wiek A, Cohmer S, et al. The glocal curriculum: A model for transnational collaboration in higher education for sustainable development. J Clean Prod [Internet]. 2018 Jan;171:368–76. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652617322096
39. Chen M, Pei T, Jeronen E, Wang Z, Xu L. Teaching and Learning Methods for Promoting Sustainability in Tourism Education. Sustainability [Internet]. 2022 Nov 6;14(21):14592. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/21/14592
40. Park HY, Licon C V., Sleipness OR. Teaching Sustainability in Planning and Design Education: A Systematic Review of Pedagogical Approaches. Sustainability [Internet]. 2022 Aug 2;14(15):9485. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/15/9485
41. Küçüksayraç E, Arıburun Kırca LNE. Integrating sustainability into project-based undergraduate design courses. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2020 Jan 27;21(2):353–71. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/21/2/353-371/158324
42. Taimur S, Onuki M. Design thinking as digital transformative pedagogy in higher sustainability education: Cases from Japan and Germany. Int J Educ Res [Internet]. 2022;114:101994. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883035522000726
43. Macagno T, Nguyen-Quoc A, Jarvis SP. Nurturing Sustainability Changemakers through Transformative Learning Using Design Thinking: Evidence from an Exploratory Qualitative Study. Sustainability [Internet]. 2024 Feb 1;16(3):1243. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/3/1243
44. Manna V, Rombach M, Dean D, Rennie HG. A Design Thinking Approach to Teaching Sustainability. J Mark Educ [Internet]. 2022 Dec 10;44(3):362–74. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02734753211068865
45. Veselá Z, Nosálová A, Střídová A, Klozová K, Dittrt Š. CREATIVE APPROACHES TO TEACHING SUSTAINABLE DESIGN. Fibres Text [Internet]. 2024;31(3–4):41–50. Available from: https://dspace.tul.cz/server/api/core/bitstreams/683c479e-cab4-457a-a930-09de24959a04/content?authentication-token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJlaWQiOiI5YjAwMzA5NC1kNzc1LTQwMWEtOGQ5YS05ZTdhN2QyNTEzZWYiLCJzZyI6W10sImF1dGhlbnRpY2F0aW9uTWV0aG9kIjoic2hpYmJvbGV0aCI
46. Albareda-Tiana S, Fernandez-Borsot G, Berbegal-Mirabent J, Regadera González E, Mas-Machuca M, Graell M, et al. Enhancing curricular integration of the SDGs: fostering active methodologies through cross-departmental collaboration in a Spanish university. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2024 Jun 3;25(5):1024–47. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/25/5/1024-1047/1224737
47. Pereno A, Aulisio A. Teaching systemic design to foster sustainability learning in non-design curricula. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2025 Mar 3; Available from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJSHE-03-2024-0225/full/html
48. Abd-Elwahed MS, Al-Bahi AM. Sustainability awareness in engineering curriculum through a proposed teaching and assessment framework. Int J Technol Des Educ [Internet]. 2021 Jul 13;31(3):633–51. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10798-020-09567-0
49. Godsk M, Hougaard RF, Nielsen BL. Sustainable Learning Design. Proc Int Conf Networked Learn [Internet]. 2024 Jul 30;13. Available from: https://journals.aau.dk/index.php/nlc/article/view/8490
50. Manfredi LR, Stokoe M, Kelly R, Lee S. Teaching Sustainable Responsibility through Informal Undergraduate Design Education. Sustainability [Internet]. 2021 Jul 27;13(15):8378. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/15/8378
51. Daramola OO. Attitude and practices of higher education academics on education for sustainable development. Dev Acad Pract [Internet]. 2024 May 29;2024(May):1–15. Available from: http://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/dap.2024.1
52. Busquets P, Segalas J, Gomera A, Antúnez M, Ruiz-Morales J, Albareda-Tiana S, et al. Sustainability Education in the Spanish Higher Education System: Faculty Practice, Concerns and Needs. Sustainability [Internet]. 2021 Jul 27;13(15):8389. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/15/8389
53. Kang M, Cholakis-Kolysko K, Dehghan N. Sustainability teaching in higher education: assessing arts and design faculty perceptions and attitudes. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2024 Nov 21;25(8):1751–69. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/25/8/1751-1769/1231903
54. Žalėnienė I, Pereira P. Higher Education For Sustainability: A Global Perspective. Geogr Sustain [Internet]. 2021 Jun;2(2):99–106. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666683921000195
55. Franco I, Saito O, Vaughter P, Whereat J, Kanie N, Takemoto K. Higher education for sustainable development: actioning the global goals in policy, curriculum and practice. Sustain Sci [Internet]. 2019 Nov 17;14(6):1621–42. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11625-018-0628-4
56. Serafini PG, Moura JM de, Almeida MR de, Rezende JFD de. Sustainable Development Goals in Higher Education Institutions: A systematic literature review. J Clean Prod [Internet]. 2022 Oct;370:133473. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652622030542
57. Berchin II, de Aguiar Dutra AR, Guerra JBSO de A. How do higher education institutions promote sustainable development? A literature review. Sustain Dev [Internet]. 2021 Nov 23;29(6):1204–22. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.2219
58. Omazic A, Zunk BM. Semi-Systematic Literature Review on Sustainability and Sustainable Development in Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability [Internet]. 2021 Jul 9;13(14):7683. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/14/7683
59. Kohl K, Hopkins C, Barth M, Michelsen G, Dlouhá J, Razak DA, et al. A whole-institution approach towards sustainability: a crucial aspect of higher education’s individual and collective engagement with the SDGs and beyond. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2022 Feb 21;23(2):218–36. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/23/2/218-236/334188
60. Giesenbauer B, Müller-Christ G. University 4.0: Promoting the Transformation of Higher Education Institutions toward Sustainable Development. Sustainability [Internet]. 2020 Apr 21;12(8):3371. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/8/3371
61. Pedro E de M, Leitão J, Alves H. Bridging Intellectual Capital, Sustainable Development and Quality of Life in Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability [Internet]. 2020 Jan 8;12(2):479. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/2/479
62. Findler F, Schönherr N, Lozano R, Reider D, Martinuzzi A. The impacts of higher education institutions on sustainable development. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2019 Jan 7;20(1):23–38. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/20/1/23-38/153872
63. Ramísio PJ, Pinto LMC, Gouveia N, Costa H, Arezes D. Sustainability Strategy in Higher Education Institutions: Lessons learned from a nine-year case study. J Clean Prod [Internet]. 2019 Jun;222:300–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652619306626
64. Baroudi S, ElSayary A. Driving transformation in higher education: Exploring the process and impact of educational innovations for sustainability through interdisciplinary studies. High Educ Q [Internet]. 2024 Oct 14;78(4). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hequ.12529
65. Lenziardi R, Picinini Mexas M, Lucas M, Sa P. Educating for the future: a value competence model for higher education professors in sustainable development and business education. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2025 May 8; Available from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJSHE-08-2024-0529/full/html
66. Risopoulos-Pichler F, Daghofer F, Steiner G. Competences for Solving Complex Problems: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Higher Education for Sustainability Learning and Transdisciplinarity. Sustainability [Internet]. 2020 Jul 27;12(15):6016. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/15/6016
67. Tejedor G, Segalàs J, Barrón Á, Fernández-Morilla M, Fuertes MT, Ruiz-Morales J, et al. Didactic Strategies to Promote Competencies in Sustainability. Sustainability [Internet]. 2019 Apr 8;11(7):2086. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/7/2086
68. Menon S, Suresh M. Synergizing education, research, campus operations, and community engagements towards sustainability in higher education: a literature review. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2020 Jun 29;21(5):1015–51. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/21/5/1015-1051/159806
69. Oliveira MC, Proença J. Sustainable Campus Operations in Higher Education Institutions: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability [Internet]. 2025 Jan 14;17(2):607. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/2/607
70. Anthony Jnr B. Green campus paradigms for sustainability attainment in higher education institutions – a comparative study. J Sci Technol Policy Manag [Internet]. 2021 Apr 30;12(1):117–48. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/jstpm/article/12/1/117-148/251697
71. Srivastava AP, Mani V, Yadav M, Joshi Y. Authentic leadership towards sustainability in higher education – an integrated green model. Int J Manpow [Internet]. 2020 Apr 10;41(7):901–23. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijm/article/41/7/901-923/301402
72. Abbas Z, Sarwar S, Rehman MA, Zámečník R, Shoaib M. Green HRM promotes higher education sustainability: a mediated-moderated analysis. Int J Manpow [Internet]. 2022 Jul 19;43(3):827–43. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijm/article/43/3/827-843/142721
73. Aggarwal P, Agarwala T. Relationship between leadership, sustainable practices and green behaviour of students in higher education institutions: the mediating role of sustainability policy. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2025 Mar 25; Available from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJSHE-08-2024-0586/full/html
74. Fredman P. Higher education based on cooperation and interdisciplinarity has a key role in a global sustainable development. Horiz Int J Learn Futur [Internet]. 2023 Feb 2;31(1):42–6. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/oth/article/31/1/42-46/322025
75. Argento D, Einarson D, Mårtensson L, Persson C, Wendin K, Westergren A. Integrating sustainability in higher education: a Swedish case. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2020 Jul 23;21(6):1131–50. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/21/6/1131-1150/158819
76. Machado CF, Davim JP. Sustainability in the Modernization of Higher Education: Curricular Transformation and Sustainable Campus—A Literature Review. Sustainability [Internet]. 2023 May 25;15(11):8615. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/11/8615
77. Ghasemy M, Elwood JA, Scott G. A comparative study on turnaround leadership in higher education and the successful implementation of the UN’s sustainable development goals. Int J Sustain High Educ [Internet]. 2023 Feb 3;24(3):602–36. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ijshe/article/24/3/602-636/333992
78. Goller A, Markert J. Teacher educators’ subjective theories on education for sustainable development in higher education. Environ Educ Res [Internet]. 2025 Jul 3;31(7):1335–55. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13504622.2024.2437148
79. F. Hair Jr J, Sarstedt M, Hopkins L, G. Kuppelwieser V. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Eur Bus Rev [Internet]. 2014 Mar 4;26(2):106–21. Available from: http://www.emerald.com/ebr/article/26/2/106-121/84113
80. Bagozzi RP, Yi Y. On the evaluation of structural equation models. J Acad Mark Sci [Internet]. 1988 Mar;16(1):74–94. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02723327
81. Henseler J, Sarstedt M. Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Comput Stat [Internet]. 2013 Apr 4;28(2):565–80. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1
82. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. J Mark Res [Internet]. 1981 Aug;18(3):382. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3150980?origin=crossref
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Le Thi Khanh Ly (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
