An Exploration of English Intelligence, Digital Literacy, IoT Knowledge, and Project Learning Attitudes on Biological Knowledge and Biological Attitudes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20252296Keywords:
English Intelligence, Digital Literacy, Iot Knowledge, Project Learning Attitude, Biological Knowledge, Biological AttitudeAbstract
Introduction: this study aims to investigate the influence of English Intelligence, Digital Literacy, IoT Knowledge, and Project Learning Attitude on Biological Knowledge and Biological Attitude of biology education students in Indonesia.
Method: The research design used quantitative explanatory and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis, data were collected from 792 students in three large islands of Indonesia, Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan.
Results: The results showed that English Intelligence significantly increased Digital Literacy, IoT Knowledge, and Project Learning Attitude, and had a positive effect on Biological Knowledge. However, this variable had a negative impact on Biological Attitude, indicating a mismatch between linguistic competence and affective engagement in biology. Digital Literacy and Project Learning Attitude were shown to have a positive contribution to Biological Knowledge and Biological Attitude, while IoT Knowledge had a significant negative effect on Biological Attitude and no significant effect on Biological Knowledge. The strongest effect was found in the path between Biological Knowledge and Biological Attitude, confirming that cognitive mastery is the main predictor in shaping students' biology attitudes.
Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of aligning digital and linguistic competencies with pedagogical approaches to optimize biology learning outcomes in the digital age.
References
1. Mdarbi S, Simour L, Boufarouj C, Belkebir Z, Stili K, Ennadi M. The Role of Individual Performance in the Effect of ICT Appropriation on Educational Performance of Students in Public Universities in the Casablanca-Settat Region, Morocco. European Scientific Journal Esj. 2024; https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n28p67
2. Sain ZH, Lama A. Bridging Knowledge Divides: Examining the Dynamic Landscape of ICT Integration in Pakistan’s Education Sector. American Journal of Education and Learning. 2024; https://doi.org/10.55284/ajel.v9i1.1042
3. Lokpo C, Deku JK, Donkor BM, Kumah MS. Impact of Access to and Use of ICT in School on Students’ Perceived Performance. Journal of Education and Teaching Methods. 2023; https://doi.org/10.58425/jetm.v2i3.191
4. Kisaalita WS, Mativo J, Youngblood K. What Do Reflective Essays Tell Us About Student Learning Outcomes From Inquiry- And/or Design-Based International Engagement Projects? J Community Engagem Scholarsh. 2022; https://doi.org/10.54656/jces.v14i2.29
5. Mouboua PD, Atobatele FA, Akintayo OT. Bridging STEM and Linguistic Gaps: A Review of Multilingual Teaching Approaches in Science Education. Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies. 2024; https://doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2024.7.2.0030
6. Budiman B, Putra Ishak JI, Rohani R, Halilurrahman Lalu LM, Slamet Jaelani MPJ. Enhancing English Language Proficiency: Strategies for Improving Student Skills. Journal of Scientific Research Education and Technology (Jsret). 2023; https://doi.org/10.58526/jsret.v2i3.205
7. Mardiani E, Mokodenseho S, Matiala TF, Azzahrah Limbalo SS, Mokodompit NY. Implementation of Digital Science and Literacy Teaching in Developing Science Literacy in Middle School Students in Indonesia. The Eastasouth Journal of Learning and Educations. 2024; https://doi.org/10.58812/esle.v2i01.228
8. Charamba E. Translanguaging in a Multilingual Class: A Study of the Relation Between Students’ Languages and Epistemological Access in Science. Int J Sci Educ. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2020.1783019
9. Mao P, Cai Z, He J, Chen X, Fan X. The Relationship Between Attitude Toward Science and Academic Achievement in Science: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol. 2021; https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.784068
10. Sripaoraya N, Spronken‐Smith R, Longnecker N. Intensive, Short-Term Presenting With a Science Outreach Program Enhances Positive Science Attitudes and Interest in Lifelong Learning About Science. Front Educ (Lausanne). 2022; https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.719686
11. Eden CA, Chisom ON, Adeniyi IS. Promoting Digital Literacy and Social Equity in Education: Lessons From Successful Initiatives. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research. 2024; https://doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v6i3.880
12. ÖZGÜL E, Ocak MA. The Effect of Internet of Things Education Through Distance Education on Student Success and Motivation. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning. 2023; http://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1241362
13. Wang YJ, Seow CK, Hesse H, Wang PC. Digital Solutions for Natural Event Management: Leveraging IoT and Drones for Biodiversity Conservation and Disease Control. 2023; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10539556
14. Sobach NV, T. Marpaung RR, Maulina D, Yolida B. The Effect of Project-Based Learning Model Assisted by Interactive Digital Modules on Scientific Literacy in Biotechnology Topic in in 9th Grade of Junior High School. Assimilation Indonesian Journal of Biology Education. 2023; https://doi.org/10.17509/aijbe.v6i2.61482
15. Toharudin U, Damaianti LF, Nurul Hizqiyah IY, Kurniawan I. Developing Students’ Scientific Literacy Through Wikipedia Digital Library. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Ijet). 2023; https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v18i24.45605
16. Sánchez Fajardo JA, Vargas-Sierra C. Introduction to the Special Issue “On Communicative Skills in Foreign Language Teaching and Academic Language Instruction: Tools, Resources and Methods in the Digital Era.” Revista De Lenguas Para Fines Específicos. 2022; https://ojsspdc.ulpgc.es/ojs/index.php/LFE/article/view/1517
17. Vettori G, Casado-Ledesma L, Tesone S, Tarchi C. Key Language, Cognitive and Higher-Order Skills for L2 Reading Comprehension of Expository Texts in English as Foreign Language Students: A Systematic Review. Read Writ. 2023; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11145-023-10479-3
18. Kandil O, Rosillo R, El Aziz RA, la Fuente D de. Investigating the Impact of the Internet of Things on Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-05-2023-0223
19. Liston M, Morrin AM, Furlong T, Griffin L. Integrating Data Science and the Internet of Things Into Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics Education Through the Use of New and Emerging Technologies. Front Educ (Lausanne). 2022; https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.757866
20. Hale J, Harkess A, Könyves K. The Jersey Daffodil Project: Integrating Nanopore Sequencing Into Classrooms Improves STEM Skills, Scientific Identity and Career Development. Plants People Planet. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10550
21. Shihomeka SP. Assessing Staff Digital Literacy Level vs Attitude Toward Online Teaching and Learning. NJLC. 2023;
22. Lopez MDPA, Ong BA, Borrat X, Fernández AL, Hicklent RS, T. Obeles AJ, et al. Digital Literacy as a New Determinant of Health: A Scoping Review. Plos Digital Health. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000279
23. Rice M, Bailon M. A Qualitative Analysis of Publicly Available Standards and Guidance About Digital Literacies in U.S. States. Educ Inf Technol (Dordr). 2022;
24. Diantari Dewi LP, Purnamika Utami IGAL, Santosa MH. The Importance of Digital Literacy Skills in the Context of Learning English for Specific Purposes: A Systematic Review. Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Teknologi. 2024; https://doi.org/10.59141/jist.v5i8.1291
25. İstifçi İ, Göksel N. The Relationship Between Digital Literacy Skills and Self-Regulated Learning Skills of Open Education Faculty Students. English as a Foreign Language International Journal. 2022; https://doi.org/10.56498/164212022
26. Hong Y. Impact of Electronic Resources and Digital Literacy on Autonomous English Learners. Frontiers in Educational Research. 2023;
27. Sutrisno D, Noor Azlinda ZA, Pambudi N, Aydawati EN, Sallu S. Exploring the Benefits of Multimodal Literacy in English Teaching: Engaging Students Through Visual, Auditory, and Digital Modes. GSE-Journal. 2024; https://doi.org/10.61667/xh184f41
28. Zin RM. Unraveling the Dynamics of User Acceptance on the Internet of Things: A Systematic Literature Review on the Theories and Elements of Acceptance and Adoption. Jes. 2024; https://doi.org/10.52783/jes.2392
29. Geng B, Yuan G, Wu D, Shi E, Yang Z. Implementation of Multidimensional Environmental-Economic Collaborative Management in IoT Environment. Sci Program. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8684581
30. Nourildean SW, Hassib MD, Mohammed YA. Internet of Things Based Wireless Sensor Network: A Review. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 2022; http://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v27.i1.pp246-261
31. Bahari A. Teacher Identity in Technology-Assisted Language Learning: Challenges and Affordances. E-Learning and Digital Media. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1177/204275302210928
32. Yu L, Chen M, Chiu CW, Hsu CC, Yuan YP. Examining English Ability-Grouping Practices by Aligning CEFR Levels With University-Level General English Courses in Taiwan. Sustainability. 2022; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084629
33. Fan H, Xie H, Feng Q, Bonizzoni E, Heidari H, McEwan M, et al. Interdisciplinary Project-Based Learning: Experiences and Reflections From Teaching Electronic Engineering in China. Ieee Transactions on Education. 2023; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9833275
34. Morena K. The Analysis of Scholars’ English Language Needs. Bellaterra Journal of Teaching & Learning Language & Literature. 2024; https://revistes.uab.cat/jtl3/article/view/v17-n2-morena
35. Fang Jing JH, Ishak N, Arshad A, Sarijari H, Adam S. Assessing the Impact of Effective Team Collaboration on Individual Outcomes in Collaborative Presentation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 2025; https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.90400088
36. Fan JY, Ye J. The Effectiveness of Inquiry and Practice During Project Design Courses at a Technology University. Front Psychol. 2022;
37. Zen Z, Reflianto R, Syamsuar, Ariani F. Academic Achievement: The Effect of Project-Based Online Learning Method and Student Engagement. Heliyon. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11509
38. Gina, Ramadani R, Zebua DR. Utilization of Test Instruments Using Safe Exam Browser for Scientific Literacy Seen From the Perspective of Students. International Journal of Education and Teaching Zone. 2024; https://doi.org/10.57092/ijetz.v3i2.256
39. Setyowati AP, Gunarhadi G, Musadad AA. Development of an Inquiry-Based Virtual Laboratory to Facilitate Biology Practicum for High School Students. Multidisciplinary Science Journal. 2023; https://10.0.124.149/multiscience.2024205
40. Jufri AW, Imam B, Amalina Wahab AD, Riyanto AA. Implementation of English for Biology Based on CLIL Student Handbook to Improve English Proficiency of Prospective Student Biology Teacher. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Ipa. 2023; https://10.29303/jppipa.v9i1.2437
41. Banafi N. Nursing Students’ Knowledge and Attitude Towards Medical Writing Skills in the English Language. Journal of Language Teaching and Research. 2023; https://10.17507/jltr.1403.19
42. Sélem-Mojica N, Karakulak T, Anjum A, Pashkov A, Pérez‐Estrada R, Enriquez-Guillén K, et al. Closing the Computational Biology ‘Knowledge Gap’: Spanish Wikipedia as a Case Study. Bioinformatics. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btae247
43. Thomas K, Jacobs N, Vera AL. A Proposal to Teach Medical Students How to Use Interpreters. Discover Education. 2024; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44217-024-00177-9
44. Gelderen M van. Using a Comfort Zone Model and Daily Life Situations to Develop Entrepreneurial Competencies and an Entrepreneurial Mindset. Front Psychol. 2023; https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136707
45. Satayev M, Balta N, Shaymerdenovna IR, Cézar RF, Mármol GA. Content and Language Integrated Learning Implementation Through Team Teaching in Biology Lessons: A Quasi-Experimental Design With University Students. Front Educ (Lausanne). 2022; https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.867447
46. Wilson N, Mavuru L. Multilingual Learners’ Perceptions of the Role of English and Scientific Language on Natural Sciences Learning. 2023; https://hdl.handle.net/10210/504117
47. Walker S. Digital Literacy Activities. 2024; https://10.4018/979-8-3693-1143-1.ch012
48. Riyanto AA, Bachtiar I, Jufri AW, Amalina Wahab AD. Need Analysis in Learning English for Preservice Biology Teacher. 2022; https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/access-21/125977613
49. Suryaningsih Y, Aripin I. Ecopreneurship Biology Learning With Local Resources to Raise High School Student Entrepreneurial Interest. International Journal of Educational Innovation and Research. 2022; https://doi.org/10.31949/ijeir.v1i1.1864
50. Le H, Thông NN, Vu PT, Tan T. Impact of AI on Self-Learning Capabilities of Employees in SMEs. Journal of Resilient Economies (Issn 2653-1917). 2024; https://doi.org/10.25120/jre.4.2.2024.4176
51. Kocoglu E, OĞUZ-HAÇAT S, Gocer V. The Relationship Between Digital Literacy and Digital Citizenship Levels of STEM Teacher Candidates: The Mediating Role of Digital Teaching Material Development Self-Efficacy. J Educ Environ Sci Health. 2023; https://doi.org/%2010.55549/jeseh.1331283
52. Ussarn A, Pimdee P, Kantathanawat T. Needs Assessment to Promote the Digital Literacy Among Students in Thai Community Colleges. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (Ijere). 2022; http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i3.23218
53. Mayisela T. A Practice-Based Approach to Developing First-Year Higher Education Students’ Digital Literacy. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning. 2022; http://10.4018/IJMBL.314582
54. Timotheou S, Miliou O, Dimitriadis Y, Villagrá‐Sobrino S, Giannoutsou N, Cachia R, et al. Impacts of Digital Technologies on Education and Factors Influencing Schools’ Digital Capacity and Transformation: A Literature Review. Educ Inf Technol (Dordr). 2022; http://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11431-8
55. Yin X, Zhang J, Li G, Luo H. Understanding Learner Satisfaction in Virtual Learning Environments: Serial Mediation Effects of Cognitive and Social-Emotional Factors. Electronics (Basel). 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13122277
56. Anders S, Steen A, Müller T, Krause W, Sanwald A, Raupach T, et al. Adventure Legal Medicine: A Free Online Serious Game for Supplementary Use in Undergraduate Medical Education. Int J Legal Med. 2023; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00414-023-02946-x
57. Lai YH. Learning Efficacy of Understanding by Design-Internet of Things (UbD-IoT) Education Integrated With Design Thinking And computational Thinking. Library Hi Tech. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-01-2023-0002
58. Dr. Arunkumar VR, Thiyagarajan Shreenivasan ProfS. Impact of IOT on Campus; Smart Student Information System in the Educational Sector. Jier. 2024; https://doi.org/10.52783/jier.v4i2.836
59. Senn LG, Heim AB, Vinson E, Smith MK. How Do Undergraduate Biology Instructors Engage With the Open Educational Resource Life Cycle? Front Educ (Lausanne). 2022; https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.835764
60. Wang H, Peng H, Chen Z, Wang Y, Wu Z, Wang P. Development and Implementation of a Pediatric Clinical Teaching Case Library Based on Massive Real-Time Data. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2024; https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11471076/
61. Ederon L. Inquiry-Based Learning Resource Material for Improved Integrated Process Skills in Elementary Science. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis. 2024; https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i04-40
62. Thi P. IoT Applications in Agriculture: Enhancing Crop Yield in Vietnam. Ajcet. 2024;
63. Baudin P V, Sacksteder RE, Worthington A, Voitiuk K, Ly VT, Hoffman RN, et al. Cloud-Controlled Microscopy Enables Remote Project-Based Biology Education in Underserved Latinx Communities. Heliyon. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11596
64. Dadkhah M, Mehraeen M, Rahimnia F, Kimiafar K. Exploring the Experts’ Perceptions of Barriers to Using Internet of Things for Chronic Disease Management in Iran. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-07-2021-0104
65. Khadir K, Guermouche N, Guittoum A, Monteil T. A Genetic Algorithm-Based Approach for Fluctuating QoS Aware Selection of IoT Services. Ieee Access. 2022; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9705594
66. Wang X, Sitthiworachart J. Effects of Project-Based Learning on Students’ Learning Performance and Engagement in Computer Science. Kuey. 2024; https://doi.org/10.53555/kuey.v30i4.1169
67. L. Brown ME, Ahuja N, Sivam V, Khanna A, Parekh R. A Qualitative Evaluation of the Impact of a Medical Student School Outreach Project on Both Medical Students and School Pupils. BMJ Open. 2023; https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/11/e070508
68. Boppre B, Reed SM, Belisle LA. “Real Students Helping Others”: Student Reflections on a Research-Based Service-Learning Project in a Gender and Victimization Course. Journal of Experiential Education. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1177/10538259221134873
69. Usmeldi U, Amini R. Creative Project-Based Learning Model to Increase Creativity of Vocational High School Students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (Ijere). 2022; http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i4.21214
70. Hornejas JS, A. Guntalidad JA. Project-Based Learning Approach on Content Mastery and Cognitive Skills: A Pedagogical Model for Senior High School Biology Students. Sapienza International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2024; https://doi.org/10.51798/sijis.v5i2.763
71. Heryanti E, Azrai EP, Melvinasari MW. The Relationship Between Motivation to Learn Biology and Discipline With Students’ Cognitive Learning Outcomes During Online Learning. Bioedukasi Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi. 2022; https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/bioedukasi/article/view/53849
72. Schmidthaler E, Anđić B, Schmollmüller M, Sabitzer B, Lavicza Z. Mobile Augmented Reality in Biological Education: Perceptions of Austrian Secondary School Teachers. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science. 2023; https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2023.160203
73. Berglund H. Biology Teachers’ Collaborative Experiences: Benefits and Difficulties in Different Contexts in Relation to Perceived Value. Cult Stud Sci Educ. 2022; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11422-022-10127-2
74. Арбузова ЕН, Yaskina OA, Nazarov S V, Poleshchuk P V, Fortus A V. Augmented Reality Technology as an Immersive Teaching Tool in the Middle School Biology Course. SHS Web of Conferences. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317201041
75. Cahya MD, Priantari I, Pamungkas Y, Ayu Utami NS, Hernowo B. Improving Collaboration and Cognitive Learning Outcomes of Biology Students Using PBL Through Lesson Study. International Social Sciences and Humanities. 2023; https://doi.org/10.32528/issh.v2i2.268
76. Murniati N, Susilo H, Listyorini D. Retention Achievement in Brain-Based Whole Learning Is Supported by Students’ Scientific Literacy and Concept Mastery. Pegegog. 2023; https://doi.org/10.47750/pegegog.13.03.30
77. Bizimana E, Mutangana D, Mwesigye A. Effects of Concept Mapping and Cooperative Mastery Learning Strategies on Students’ Achievement in Photosynthesis and Attitudes Towards Instructional Strategies. International Journal of Learning Teaching and Educational Research. 2022; https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.21.2.7
78. Darmawan E, Sukmawati I, Damayanti BA. The Effect of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) on Concept Understanding and Environmental Care Attitudes. Jpbio (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi). 2023; https://doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v8i2.2413
79. Prayitno BA, Sugiharto B, Titikusumawati E. Effectiveness of Collaborative Constructivist Strategies to Minimize Gaps in Students’ Understanding of Biological Concepts. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Ijet). 2022; https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i11.29891
80. Syamsiah, Jamaluddin A Bin, Pratiwi AC. Exploring the impact of educational background, spiritual beliefs, and media exposure on environmental knowledge and attitudes. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education. 2024;20(11). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/15644
81. Hair JF, Ringle CM, Hult GTM, Sarstedt M. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Using R. Cham: Springer. 2021. 587–632 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05542-8_15-2
82. Naeem W, Jamal S, Khan SA. Students English Language Proficiency and Their Academic Motivation. Journal of Languages Culture and Civilization. 2022;
83. Bucay PB, Rosil CB. Academic Motivation and Cognitive Abilities as Predictors of English Language Proficiency Among Senior High School Students. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies. 2024; https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i61418
84. Kanamitie JN, Nketsiah J, Asenso K. English Language Proficiency: A Predictor of Academic Performance in Biology. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 2023; https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7303
85. Kithinji W, OHirsi AI. Relating English Language Proficiency to Academic Performance Among Non-English Speaking Undergraduate Students in Kenyan Universities. East African Journal of Education Studies. 2022; https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.5.1.560
86. Xiong X, Wang M. The Mediating Effect of Academic Engagement on the Relationship Between Second Language Grit and Language Proficiency. Advances in Education Humanities and Social Science Research. 2023; https://doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.7.1.319.2023
87. Thuy Nguyen LA, Habók A. Tools for Assessing Teacher Digital Literacy: A Review. Journal of Computers in Education. 2023; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40692-022-00257-5
88. Nikou S, Reuver M de, Kanafi MM. Workplace Literacy Skills—how Information and Digital Literacy Affect Adoption of Digital Technology. Journal of Documentation. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1108/JD-12-2021-0241
89. Mursidi A, Buyung B, Murdani E. Digital Literacy Competence Levels of Indonesian Junior High School Students Based on Activities Through the 5m Approach. Jetl (Journal of Education Teaching and Learning). 2022; http://dx.doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v7i2.3775
90. Abichandani P, Sivakumar V, Lobo D, Iaboni C, Shekhar P. Internet-of-Things Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Assessment for STEM Education: A Review of Literature. Ieee Access. 2022; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9749084
91. El-Sofany HF, El-Seoud SA, Sharma N. An Analytical Study on the Implementation of a Healthcare App to Assist People With Disabilities Using Cloud Computing and IoT. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (Ijoe). 2023; https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v19i18.44207
92. Kilicay‐Ergin N, Barb AS, Chaudhary N. Knowledge Elicitation Methodology for Evaluation of Internet of Things Privacy Characteristics in Smart Cities. Systems Engineering. 2023; https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21726
93. Noermanzah N, Suryadi S, Syafryadin S. The Effect of Project-Based Learning Methods on Students’ Ability in Developing Research Instruments of CDA. Journal of English Education and Teaching. 2023; https://doi.org/10.33369/jeet.7.3.652-665
94. Pradanti P, Muqtada MohR. Students’ Perceptions on Learning, Motivation, and Performance Through Project-Based Learning: Undergraduate Students’ Case. Pythagoras Jurnal Program Studi Pendidikan Matematika. 2023; https://doi.org/10.33373/pythagoras.v12i1.5011
95. Abdelkarim S, Almarei SO, Elyas A, Ahmed Amri RA, Mohammed Khawaji EA, Khormi GJ, et al. Knowledge and Attitude Toward Biological Warfare Among Health-Related Students: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire-Based Survey. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023; https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1123_22
96. Angeloni-Duarte M, Rosa M, Santos-Alfaya JV. Analysis of the Conceptions of Future Biological Sciences Teachers About Concepts of Evolutionary Theory. Pro-Posições. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-6248-2020-0020en
97. Adiyiah M, Mutangana D, Ameyaw Y. Comparing the Efficacy of Two Teaching Strategies on Students’ Attitudes Towards Biology: A Case in Ashanti Mampong Municipality, Ghana. J Educ Elearn Res. 2023; https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v10i4.5218
98. Marlina R, Suwono H, Yuenyong C, Ibrohim I, Mahanal S, Saefi M, et al. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) for Preservice Biology Teachers: Two Insights More Promising. Participatory Educational Research. 2023; https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.99.10.6
99. Gharash H Al, Alharbi A, Alshahrani Y, Mousa O. Knowledge and Attitude of Nursing Interns Toward Pressure Injury Prevention in Saudi Arabia: A Multiregional Cross-Sectional Study. SAGE Open Nurs. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608241251631
100. Chengere AM, Dobo BB, Zinabu SA, Jilo KW. Enhancing Secondary School Students’ Attitudes Towards Biology Through Guided Inquiry-Based Lab Instructions. 2025;
101. Fauzi A, Fatmawati D, Hali AU. Relationship Between the Attitudes of Biology Education Students Towards Statistics With Knowledge of Data Analysis. Jpbi (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia). 2023; https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v9i1.24490
102. Adejimi SA, Nzabalirwa W, Shivoga WA. Enhancing Students’ Attitudes Toward Biology Using Consensus and Cooperative Reflective Journal Writing Educational Strategies. Problems of Education in the 21st Century. 2022;
103. Hair JF, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. 2011;19(2):139–52. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
104. Hair JF, Risher JJ, Sarstedt M, Ringle CM. When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review. 2019;31(1):2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
105. Mahande RD, Abdal NM, Nasir N, Rahmi U. Design and effectiveness of the HyFlex-VR learning model for emancipated learning in higher education. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-12-2024-0713
106. Benitez J, Henseler J, Castillo A, Schuberth F. How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: Guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Information and Management. 2020;57(2):103168. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2019.05.003
107. Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad Mark Sci. 2015;43(1):115–35. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
108. Henseler J. PLS-MGA: A Non-Parametric Approach to Partial Least Squares-based Multi-Group Analysis. In: Gaul WA, Geyer-Schulz A, Schmidt-Thieme L, Kunze J, editors. Challenges at the Interface of Data Analysis, Computer Science, and Optimization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 495–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24466-7_50
109. Wang GA, He J. Bibliometric Analysis on Research Trends of Digital Literacy in Higher Education From 2012 to 2021. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (Ijet). 2022; https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i16.31377
110. Chunping N, Dehua S, Ding L. A Study on the Professional Development of Foreign Language Teachers in Universities Based on the Background of AI. Frontiers in Educational Research. 2024; https://doi.org/10.25236/FER.2024.070508
111. Manishimwe H, Shivoga WA, Nsengimana V. Effect of Inquiry-Based Learning on Students’ Attitude Towards Learning Biology at Upper Secondary Schools in Rwanda. Journal of Baltic Science Education. 2022; https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/22.21.862
112. Bizimana E, Mutangana D, Mwesigye A. Students’ Perceptions of the Classroom Learning Environment and Engagement in Cooperative Mastery Learning-Based Biology Classroom Instruction. Educ Res Int. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5793394
113. Trisahid TN, Kijkosol D, Corrales CM. Optimization of Biology Learning on Excretory System Material Through Contextual Teaching and Learning Approach. Jou Acd Bio Ed. 2024; https://doi.org/10.37251/jouabe.v1i2.1165
114. Almasri F. Simulations to Teach Science Subjects: Connections Among Students’ Engagement, Self-Confidence, Satisfaction, and Learning Styles. Educ Inf Technol (Dordr). 2022; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10940-w
115. Chu CE, Wee Cheong GS, Mishra A, Wen Y, Leo CH, Yeo DJ, et al. Enhancing Biology Laboratory Learning: Student Perceptions of Performing Heart Dissection With Virtual Reality. Ieee Access. 2024; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10509719
116. Hidayah MU, Kuswanto H, Jumadi J, Khotimah K. Integration Review of Project Based Learning in Biology Education: A Systematic Literature Synthesis of Education Levels, Biology Subdisciplines, Research Methodologies and Learning Competencies. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research. 2024; https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.15652
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Evrialiani Rosba , Melvina, Sri Sukaesih, Asham Bin Jamaluddin (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.