The Influence of SaLDI Biology Learning Model Integrated with TPACK on 4C Skills and Student Learning Independence

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20251931

Keywords:

High School Students, Learning Independence, SaLDI Biology Learning Model, TPACK, 21st Century Skills (4C)

Abstract

Introduction: 21st century skills such as critical thinking, creativity, communication, collaboration (4Cs), and learning independence are essential competencies that learners must have to face the challenges of the global era that are important to integrate with technology. However, in many schools, these skills are still low, largely due to the dominance of teacher-centred learning methods and the lack of optimal use of technology.
Purpose: To analyse the effect of SaLDI Biology learning model integrated with TPACK on students' critical thinking skills, creativity, communication, collaboration, and learning independence. 
Methods: This research is a quasi-experiment with post-test control group design. The population was class XI students of SMAN 14 Makassar. A random sample of 64 students was divided into experimental and control groups. Instruments included a description test and observation sheet. Data analysis used MANOVA test to measure differences in 4C skills and learning independence between groups.
Results: The research results of this study are the SaLDI Biology learning model integrated with TPACK can improve critical and creative thinking skills, communication, collaboration and learning independence. The sig evidences this value <0.05.
Conclusions: The implementation of the TPACK-integrated SaLDI Biology learning model can improve critical thinking skills, creativity, communication, collaboration, and learning independence. These findings indicate that the model is an innovative strategy to develop 21st century skills (4C).

References

1. Nganga L. Preservice teachers perceptions of teaching for global mindedness and social justice: Using the 4Cs (Collaboration, Critical thinking, Creativity and Communication) in teacher education. Journal of Social Studies Education Research. 2019;10(4):26-57. https://jsser.org/index.php/jsser/article/view/1262/407.

2. Shinta EM, Triastuti A. Communicative language teaching and its application in developing slow learners' 21st century skills. Teacher Education and Professional Development in Industry 4.0. Taylor & Francis: Milton Park, Oxfordshire; 2020. p. 261-6. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003035978-40/communicative-language-teaching-application-developing-slow-learners-21st-century-skills-shinta-triastuti. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003035978-40

3. Thornhill-Miller B, Camarda A, Mercier M, Burkhardt JM, Morisseau T, Bourgeois-Bougrine S, et al. Creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration: assessment, certification, and promotion of 21st century skills for the future of work and education. Journal of Intelligence. 2023;11(3):54. doi:10.3390/jintelligence11030054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11030054

4. Ye P, Xu X. A case study of interdisciplinary thematic learning curriculum to cultivate "4C skills". Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;14:1080811. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1080811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1080811

5. Wecshler SM, Saiz C, Rivas SF, Vendramini CMM, Almeida LS, Mundim MC, et al. Creative and critical thinking: Independent or overlapping components?. Thinking skills and creativity. 2018;27:114-22. doi:10.1016/J.TSC.2017.12.003.

6. Ahmady S, Shahbazi S. Impact of social problem-solving training on critical thinking and decision making of nursing students. BMC nursing. 2020;19(1):94. doi:10.1186/s12912-020-00487-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00487-x

7. Hasan N, Pandey MK, Ansari SN, Purohit VR. An Analysis of English Communication Skills. World Journal of English Language. 2022;12(3):194-202. doi:10.5430/wjel.v12n3p194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n3p194

8. Liebech-Lien B, Sjølie E. Teachers' conceptions and uses of student collaboration in the classroom. Educational Research. 2021;63(2):212-28. doi:10.1080/00131881.2020.1839354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2020.1839354

9. Lin TJ, Kraatz E, Ha SY, Hsieh MY, Glassman M, Nagpal M, et al. Shaping classroom social experiences through collaborative small-group discussions. British Journal of Educational Psychology. Psychol. 2022;92(10):131-54. doi:10.1111/bjep.12442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12442

10. Polivanova K, Bochaver A. Is Students' Autonomy Possible at Contemporary School? Psychology and education. 2022;27(3):6-15. doi:10.17759/pse.2022270301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/pse.2022270301

11. Garashkina N, Druzhinina A. Technology of organising students' project activities towards the development of educational independence of a future pedagogue. Perspectives of Science and Education. 2023;65(5):145-62. doi:10.32744/pse.2023.5.9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32744/pse.2023.5.9

12. Hockings C, Thomas L, Ottaway J, Jones R. Independent learning - what we do when you're not there. Teaching in Higher Education. 2018;23(2):145-61. doi:10.1080/13562517.2017.1332031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1332031

13. Leeuwen A, Janssen J. A systematic review of teacher guidance during collaborative learning in primary and secondary education. Educational Research Review. 2019;21:71-89. doi:10.1016/J.EDUREV.2019.02.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.02.001

14. Adnan A, Abimanyu S, Patta R, Arsyad N. The Improving of junior high school student in learning motivation through implementation constructivistic biology learning model based on information and communication technology. Journal of Education and Practice. 2014;5(2):63-71. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/10639.

15. Adnan A, Saenab S, Rahmatullah, Almunawarah R, Sahira S, Aldi S. Model Pembelajaran Citizen Science Project. NTB: Penerbit P4I; 2024. https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Model_Pembelajaran_Citizen_Science_Proje.html?id=Jc4gEQAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y.

16. Aldi S, Adnan A, Azis AA. The Influence of SaLDI Learning Model (Stimulation, Learning Community, Discovery, Inferring) on Activity, Motivation, and Learning Outcomes of Biology of High School Students. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA. 2024;10(11):9064-77. doi:10.29303/jppipa.v10i11.9379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i11.9379

17. Aldi S, Ismail I. Keterampilan Proses Sains: Panduan Praktis untuk Melatih Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi. Purbalingga: Eureka Media Aksara; 2023. https://repository.penerbiteureka.com/publications/560571/keterampilan-proses-sains-panduan-praktis-untuk-melatih-kemampuan-berpikir-tingk.

18. Adnan A, Aldi S, Dzulkarnain AF, Marliyah S. Pengaruh e-LKPD Berbasis Keterampilan Proses Sains terhadap Hasil Belajar, Motivasi Belajar, dan Kemampuan Metakognitif Peserta Didik Kelas XI SMA. Bioeduscience,. 2022;6(3):304-13. doi:10.22236/jbes/6310259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22236/jbes/6310259

19. Supena I, Darmuki A, Hariyadi A. The Influence of 4C (Constructive, Critical, Creativity, Collaborative) Learning Model on Students' Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Instruction. 2021;14(3):873-92. doi:10.3390/jintelligence11030054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14351a

20. Dahlan T, Judijanto L, Hali F. Improving the quality of mathematics teacher education: An integrated approach to the 4C skills. JRAMathEdu (Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education). 2024;9(1):16-33. doi:10.23917/jramathedu.v9i1.2687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/jramathedu.v9i1.2687

21. Khalaf BK, Mohammed Zin ZB. Traditional and inquiry-based learning pedagogy: A systematic critical review. International Journal of Instruction. 2018;11(4):545-64. doi:10.12973/IJI.2018.11434A. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11434a

22. Maddens L, Depaepe F, Raes A, Elen J. Fostering students' motivation towards learning research skills: the role of autonomy, competence and relatedness support. Instructional Science. 2023;51(1):165-99. doi:10.1007/s11251-022-09606-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-022-09606-4

23. Børte K, Nesje K, Lillejord S. Barriers to student active learning in higher education. Teaching in Higher Education. 2023;28(3):597-615. doi:10.1080/13562517.2020.1839746. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1839746

24. Asrizal A, Yurnetti Y, Usman E. ICT Thematic Science Teaching Material with 5E Learning Cycle Model to Develop Students' 21st-Century Skills. Indonesian Journal of Science Education. 2022;11(1):61-72. doi:10.15294/jpii.v11i1.33764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v11i1.33764

25. Sun J, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Li Y, Li H, Wei D, et al. Training your brain to be more creative: brain functional and structural changes induced by divergent thinking training. Human Brain Mapping. 2016;37(10):3375-87. doi:10.1002/hbm.23246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23246

26. Lorencová H, Jarošová E, Avgitidou S, Dimitriadou C. Critical thinking practices in teacher education programmes: a systematic review. Studies in Higher Education. 2019;44(7):844-59. doi:10.1080/03075079.2019.1586331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1586331

27. Rehm M, Mulder RH, Gijselaers W, Segers M. The impact of hierarchical positions on the type of communication within online communities of learning. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning. 2016;10(2):158-70. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.065. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.065

28. Jäppinen AK, Leclerc M, Tubin D. Collaborativeness as the core of professional learning communities beyond culture and context: Evidence from Canada, Finland, and Israel. School Effectiveness and School Improvement. 2016;27(3):315-32. doi:10.1080/09243453.2015.1067235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2015.1067235

29. Oyarzun B, Martin F. A Systematic Review of Research on Online Learner Collaboration from 2012-21: Collaboration Technologies, Design, Facilitation, and Outcomes. Online Learning. 2023;27(1):71-106. doi:10.24059/olj.v27i1.3407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v27i1.3407

30. Simamora RE, Saragih S. Improving Students' Mathematical Problem Solving Ability and Self-Efficacy through Guided Discovery Learning in Local Culture Context. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education. 2019;14(1):61-72. doi:10.12973/iejme/3966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/iejme/3966

31. Stoilescu D. A Critical Examination of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Framework. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 2015;52(4):514-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633115572285

32. Glover I, Hepplestone S, Parkin H, Rodger H, Irwin B. Pedagogy first: Realising technology enhanced learning by focusing on teaching practice. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2016;47(5):993-1002. doi:10.1111/bjet.12425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12425

33. Adnan A, Muharram M, Jihadi A. Pengembangan e-book biologi berbasis konstruktivistik untuk meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa SMA Kelas XI. Indonesian Journal of Educational Studies. 2019;22(2):112-9. doi:10.26858/ijes.v22i2.11773.

34. Helikar T, Cutucache C, Dahlquist L, Herek T, Larson J, Rogers J. Integrating Interactive Computational Modelling in Biology Curricula. PLoS Computational Biology. 2015;11(3):e1004131. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004131

35. Jenkinson J. Molecular Biology Meets the Learning Sciences: Visualisations in Education and Outreach. Journal of molecular biology. 2018;430(21):4013-27. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.020

36. Oliver JS, Hodges GW, Moore JN, Cohen A, Jang Y, Brown SA, et al. Supporting high school student accomplishment of biology content using interactive computer-based curricular case studies. Research in science education. 2019;49(2):1783-808. doi:10.1007/s11165-017-9675-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-017-9675-6

37. Alqurashi E, Gokbel E, Carbonara D. Teachers' knowledge in content, pedagogy and technology integration: A comparative analysis between teachers in Saudi Arabia and United States. British Journal of Educational Technology. 2017;48(6):1414-26. doi:10.1111/bjet.12514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12514

38. Christodoulou A, Angeli C. Adaptive Learning Techniques for a Personalised Educational Software in Developing Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Frontiers in education. 2022;7:789397. doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.789397. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.789397

39. Jeong H, Hmelo-Silver C. Seven Affordances of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning: How to Support Collaborative Learning? How Can Technologies Help? Educational Psychologist. 2016;51(2):247-65. doi:10.1080/00461520.2016.1158654. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2016.1158654

40. Sun Z, Liu R, Luo L, Wu M, Shi C. Exploring collaborative learning effect in blended learning environments. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 2017;33(6):575-87. doi:10.1111/jcal.12201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12201

41. Al-Zahrani, A. (2015). From passive to active: The impact of the flipped classroom through social learning platforms on higher education students' creative thinking. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46(6), 1133-1148. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12353

42. Hwang G, Lai C, Liang J, Chu H, Tsai C. A long-term experiment to investigate the relationships between high school students' perceptions of mobile learning and peer interaction and higher-order thinking tendencies. Educational Technology Research and Development. 2018;66(6):75-93. doi:10.1007/S11423-017-9540-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-017-9540-3

43. Liu Z, Lomovtseva N, Korobeynikova E. Online Learning Platforms: Reconstructing Modern Higher Education. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. 2020;15(13):4-21. doi:10.3991/ijet.v15i13.14645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i13.14645

44. Mihai D, Mihailescu M, Cărăbaş M, Tapus N. Integrated High-Workload Services for E-Learning. IEEE Access. 2023;11(13):8441-54. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3238967. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3238967

45. Castro R. Blended learning in higher education: Trends and capabilities. Education and Information Technologies. 2019;24(4):2523-46. doi:10.1007/s10639-019-09886-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09886-3

46. Hoic-Bozic N, Dlab MH, Mornar V. Recommender system and web 2.0 tools to enhance a blended learning model. IEEE Transactions on education. 2015;59(1):39-44. doi:10.1109/TE.2015.2427116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2015.2427116

47. Ennis RH. Nationwide Testing of Critical Thinking for Higher Education. Teaching Philosophy. 2011;31(1). doi:10.5840/teachphil20083111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5840/teachphil20083111

48. Guilford JP. Intelligence, Creativity, and Their Educational Implications. San Diego: Robert R. Knapp; 1968.

49. Greenstein L. Assessing 21st Century Skills: A Guide to Evaluating Mastery and Authentic Learning. California: Corwin; 2012.

50. Borich GD. Effective teaching methods. Pearson Education India; 2017.

51. Herzog, C., Handke, C., & Hitters, E. Analyzing talk and text II: Thematic analysis (pp. 385 401). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.; 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16065-4_22

52. Wechsler, S. M., Saiz, C., Rivas, S. F., Vendramini, C. M. M., Almeida, L. S., Mundim, M. C., & Franco, A. (2018). Creative and critical thinking: Independent or overlapping components?. Thinking skills and creativity, 27, 114-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TSC.2017.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.12.003

53. Shi Y. Talk About Evidence During Argumentation. Discourse Processes. 2020;57(9):770-92. doi:10.1080/0163853x.2020.1777498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2020.1777498

54. Ma Q, Lee H, Gao X, Chai C. Learning by design: Enhancing online collaboration in developing pre-service TESOL teachers' TPACK for teaching with corpus technology. Br. J. Educ. Technol. 2024;55(6):2639-67. doi:10.1111/bjet.13458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13458

55. Lixia W, Jun L, Choi. TPACK and EdTech Integration in Teaching and Learning Process: A Systematic Literature Review (2014-2024). Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis. 2024;31(7s):487-505. doi:10.52783/cana.v31.1381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v31.1381

56. Kwangmuang P, Jarutkamolpong S, Sangboonraung W, Daungtod S. The development of learning innovation to enhance higher order thinking skills for students in Thailand junior high schools. Heliyon. 2021;7(6):e07309. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07309

57. Nisa H, Isnaini M, Utami LS, Islahudin I. Collaborative learning effect on improving students’ creativity and critical thinking in the independent curriculum. AL-ISHLAH; Jurnal Pendidikan. 2023;15(3):4038-48. doi:10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.3538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.3538

Downloads

Published

2025-08-19

How to Cite

1.
Aldi S, Adnan A, Azis AA, Syamsul BH. The Influence of SaLDI Biology Learning Model Integrated with TPACK on 4C Skills and Student Learning Independence. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología [Internet]. 2025 Aug. 19 [cited 2026 Jan. 18];5:1931. Available from: https://sct.ageditor.ar/index.php/sct/article/view/1931