Dental Care Behaviors and Oral Health Challenges in School-Age Populations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2024.1372Keywords:
Dental care, Dental flossing, Oral hygiene, Schoolchildren, Tooth brushing habitsAbstract
Introduction: Oral health is vital for overall well-being, especially in childhood, as early habits influence lifelong dental health. This survey aims to evaluate oral hygiene habits and patterns among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The survey utilized a school-based, point-in-time analysis conducted from October 15 to December 15, 2024. Participants were selected using a pure random sampling method to ensure a representative group of schoolchildren. Each participant completed an anonymous, detailed survey on oral hygiene habits, including tooth brushing, flossing, toothbrush ownership, and sharing toothbrushes with family members. The data were coded for analysis. Results: The study revealed poor oral hygiene practices among schoolchildren, with only 369 (23.9%) brushing their teeth twice daily, while 343 (22.2%) never brushed, particularly in western areas 216 (23.2%). Dental flossing was rare (1,503 (97.4%) never used floss), 18.9% lacked a toothbrush, and 292 (14.9%) shared one with family members. Infrequent brushing was significantly linked to gum bleeding, highlighting a greater risk of dental issues and the urgent need for community-focused oral health interventions. Conclusion: This study underscores the need for community-based oral health education programs, early interventions, and increased awareness to improve oral hygiene and prevent dental diseases in the population
References
1. Nazir M, Al-Ansari A, Al-Khalifa K, Alhareky M, Gaffar B, Almas K. Global prevalence of periodontal disease and lack of its surveillance. The Scientific World Journal. 2020;2020(1):2146-2160. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2146160
2. Broomhead T, Baker SR. Systems science and oral health: implications for dental public health. Community Dent Health. 2019;36(1):55–62. https://10.1922/CDH_4470Broomhead08
3. Shams M, Bhamani S, Sheikh S, Aslam K, Rehman A, Raza A. Exploring Oral Health Knowledge and Practices among Early Childhood Caregivers: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review. 2024;4(2):174–83.
https://doi.org/10.48112/aessr.v4i2.764
4. Abbass MMS, Mahmoud SA, El Moshy S, Rady D, AbuBakr N, Radwan IA, et al. The prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian children and adolescences and its association with age, socioeconomic status, dietary habits and other risk factors. A cross-sectional study. F1000Res. 2019;8. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17047.1
5. Lin YC, Huang ST, Yen CW, Huang YK, Shieh TM, Chi WH, et al. Comparing individual-, family-, and community-level effects on the oral health of preschool children: a multilevel analysis of national survey data. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):353. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03077-w
6. Umalkar YN, Jadhav V V, Paul P, Saoji KP. Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy of Interdental Brush and Interdental Floss in Orthodontics Patients From Vidarbha Region: An Interventional Study. Cureus. 2023;15(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46191
7. Chipre SR, Shah M. Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy and Patient Compliance of Interdental Floss as an Adjunct to Toothbrushing for Control of Dental Plaque: A Comparative Study. Journal of Integrated Health Sciences. 2024;12(1):36–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/jihs.jihs_4_24
8. Mancinelli‐Lyle D, Van der Weijden F, Slot DE. Efficacy of a water flosser compared to an interdental brush on gingival bleeding and gingival abrasion: A 4 week randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg. 2024; https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12817
9. Yoon MN. Oral Health for Long-term Care Populations: From Pneumonia Pathogenesis to Front-line Oral Care Provision. University of Toronto; 2011. https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/375813cb-76ce-417a-986b-5cf51152202a/content
10. Chan CCK, Chan AKY, Chu CH, Tsang YC. Theory-based behavioral change interventions to improve periodontal health. Frontiers in Oral Health. 2023;4:1067-1092. https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2023.1067092
11. AlGhamdi A, Almarghlani A, Alyafi R, Ibraheem W, Assaggaf M, Howait M, et al. Prevalence of periodontitis in high school children in Saudi Arabia: a national study. Ann Saudi Med. 2020;40(1):7–14. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2020.7
12. Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017;11(2):72. https://doi.org/10.4103/mdj.mdj_1_24
13. Bersell CH. Access to oral health care: a national crisis and call for reform. American Dental Hygienists’ Association. 2017;91(1):6–14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29118145/
14. Jain N, Mitra D, Ashok KP, Dundappa J, Soni S, Ahmed S. Oral hygiene-awareness and practice among patients attending OPD at Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012;16(4):524–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.106894
15. Poudel P, Griffiths R, Wong VW, Arora A, Flack JR, Khoo CL, et al. Oral health knowledge, attitudes and care practices of people with diabetes: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5485-7
16. Patil VC, Al-Gaadi KA, Madugundu R, Tola EHM, Marey S, Aldosari A, et al. Assessing agricultural water productivity in desert farming system of Saudi Arabia. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens. 2014;8(1):284–97. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2014.2320592
17. Almalki SA, Adil AH, Mustafa M, Karobari MI. Assessing oral health knowledge among public school children in Saudi Arabian subpopulation. J Health Popul Nutr. 2024;43(1):126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00617-0
18. Almutairi B, Adam TR, Bustami R. Caries prevalence among children at public and private primary schools in Riyadh: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):809. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04570-6
19. Almutairi B, Conway D, Ross A, Hattan M, Almogren F, McMahon AD. Toothbrushing programme in Saudi Arabia ‘TOPS’: a study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial in kindergartens, Riyadh. BMJ Open. 2024;14(8):e083504. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083504
20. Alwadie SAM, Al Mastur AA, Alkhars FAJ, Alenezi SA, Alqhtani ESM, Alaqade AM, et al. Saudi School Children’s Oral Health and Hygiene Literacy and Behaviors. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies. 2023;3(12):2947–54. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmscrs/v3-i12-04
21. El-Metwally A, Shaikh Q, Aldiab A, Al-Zahrani J, Al-Ghamdi S, Alrasheed AA, et al. The prevalence of chronic pain and its associated factors among Saudi Al-Kharj population; a cross sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2555-7
22. SPSS IBM. Statistics for Windows Version, 27.0. In. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; Released. In: : 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003205333-2
23. Association CS. Preserving Natural Teeth to Maintain Oral Health. Chin J Dent Res. 2024;27(1):11–2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-022-02404-x
24. Kramer A, Splieth C. Health promotion through structured oral hygiene and good tooth alignment. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2022;17. https://10.3205/dgkh000411
25. Abe M, Mitani A, Hoshi K, Yanagimoto S. Large gender gap in oral hygiene behavior and its impact on gingival health in late adolescence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124394
26. Kudirkaite I, Lopatiene K, Zubiene J, Saldunaite K. Age and gender influence on oral hygiene among adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances. Stomatologija. 2016;18(2):61–5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27649721/
27. Honkala S, Vereecken C, Niclasen B, Honkala E. Trends in toothbrushing in 20 countries/regions from 1994 to 2010. The European Journal of Public Health. 2015;25(suppl_2):20–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv013
28. Barbosa CM, Scatolin RS, Vieira-Junior WF, Tanaka MH, Ferraz LN. Impact of combined at-home bleaching and whitening toothpaste use on the surface and color of a composite resin. Restor Dent Endod. 2023;48(3). https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2023.48.e26
29. Siddika N, Apu EH. Toothbrushing frequency among children and adolescents in 72 countries: Findings from the Global School-based Student Health Survey. Dent Med Probl. 2024;61(4):495–506. https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/185842
30. Kim EJ, Ko GW, Seong EJ, Lee SJ, Lee YS, Lee CR, et al. Relationship between Tooth Brushing and Hand Washing by Family Type among Adolescents: A 2020 Nationally Representative Korean Survey. Hygiene. 2024;4(3):317–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/hygiene4030025
31. Alhabahbeh R, Alryalat SA, Al-Jaghbir MT. Oral Health Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Parents of Preschool Children in Amman, Jordan 2019: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study: Children’s Oral health knowledge in parents. Jordan Med J. 2024;58(2). https://doi.org/10.35516/jmj.v58i2.714
32. Abuhaloob L, Tabche C, Amati F, Rawaf S. Provision of oral healthcare services in WHO-EMR countries: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):705. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04446-9
33. Milleman J, Bosma ML, McGuire JA, Sunkara A, McAdoo K, DelSasso A, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Toothbrushing, Flossing and Mouthrinse Regimens on Plaque and Gingivitis: A 12-week virtually supervised clinical trial. American Dental Hygienists’ Association. 2022;96(3):21–34. https://jdh.adha.org/content/jdenthyg/96/3/21.full.pdf
34. Rahman MH, Antonio JM, Lee YS, Fadriquela A, Kim SM, Han SY, et al. Oral health effect of an oral rinse containing cetylpyridinium chloride: a randomized clinical trial. Mol Cell Toxicol. 2024;20(3):671–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-023-00385-8
35. Elkhodary HM, Abdelnabi MH, Swelem AA, Sabbagh HJ, El Meligy OAES, Talaat IM, et al. Individual, familial and country-level factors associated with oral hygiene practices in children: an international survey. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02746-0
36. Verma S, Sangha KS, Singh P, Mustilwar R, Francis J, Nasser N. Comparative Evaluation of Dental Hygiene Awareness among Student Population Studying in Various Technical and Nontechnical Courses. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2024;16(Suppl 3):S2533–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_347_24
37. Novildan NHS, Khairunnisa DS, Giovan MA, Nugroho DA, Utami S, Puspita S. Education and training on dental and oral health as well as clean and healthy lifestyle for children. Community Empowerment. 2024;9(5):789–96. https://doi.org/10.31603/ce.11233
38. Abbas H, Roshan R, Nasir MZ. AWARENESS AND HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF PARENTS REGARDING THEIR CHILDREN’S ORAL HEALTH AND PROFESSIONAL DENTAL CARE IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal. 2017;37(4). https://doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.664
39. Zafar H, Akbar MS, Mehmood MS, Ahmad M. Oral hygiene knowledge, practices, attitude, and awareness among primary school students in a rural area of mardan, pakistan. Afghanistan Journal of Basic Medical Science. 2024;1(2):53–64https://doi.org/10.62134/ajbms/v2.i2.khatamuni.8.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Mahmoud Saleh , Aishah Al Daragemeh , Asmaa Morgan Farahat Khatap , Prakash Palanivelu , Arul Vellaiyan , Elturabi Elsayed Ebrahim , Ahmad Rayan , Nermen Abdelftah Mohamed (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.