Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in the Pediatric Population of Ecuador
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20251273Keywords:
Dental Enamel Hypomineralization, Fluoride Poisoning, Developmental Defects of Enamel, Prevalence (DeCS/MeSH)Abstract
Introduction: Dental fluorosis is an enamel hypomineralization caused by excessive fluoride intake, manifesting as opaque stains and affecting both primary and permanent teeth.
Methods: A non-experimental, observational, prospective, quantitative approach was carried out through a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The technique used was the collection of infonnation through a clinical record and oral examination. The sample consisted of 311 patients, selected by a probability sampling by clusters or conglomerates, based on the total number of patients treated in the previous period.
Results: Dental fluorosis was present in 21.9% with a predominance of the questionable category according to the Dean's index with 17% in patients who presented this condition. The highest frequency was seen in the female sex with 25.6%. According to the distribution by dental group or sector, the most frequent was 59% in the anterior sector. No significant association was found between dental fluorosis and the associated factors addressed in the research.
Conclusions: This study revealed that 22 out of 100 patients aged 6 to 12 years have fluorosis, the level that predominated according to the Dean Index was the questionable type. The age group with the greatest number of patients with fluorosis was 11 years old and the sex that predominated in cases was female. No significant relationship was found between fluorosis and the associated factors considered in the study: tooth brushing, toothpaste intake and use, and water consumption.
References
1.
Gómez G, Gómez D, Martín M. Flúor y fluorosis dental. 1er ed. Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Editorial Abiss; 2002.
2.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Encuesta de salud bucodental. Métodos básicos. 4ta ed. Ginebra: WHO LIBRARY; 1997.
3.
Petersen P. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century--the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol [Internet]. 2003 [citado 19 de enero 2024]; 31(1): 3-24. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15015736/
4.
World Health Organization. Fluorine And Fluorides [Internet]. 1er ed. Ginebra: International Programme On Chemical Safety; 1984 [citado 24 junio 2024. Disponible en: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/37288/9241540966-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
5.
Gómez S. Fluorterapia en odontología fundamentos y aplicaciones clínicas. 4ta ed. Santiago de Chile: Colgate; 2010.
6.
Chou R, Pappas M, Dana T, Selph S, Hart E, Rongwei F, Schwarz E. Screening and interventions to prevent dental caries in children younger than 5 years: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Jama [Internet]. 2021 [citado 19 enero 2024]; 326(21): 2179-2192. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2786824
7.
Chou R, Pappas M, Dana T, Selph S, Hart E, Rongwei F, Schwarz E. Screening and Prevention of Dental Caries in Children Younger Than Five Years of Age: A Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 210. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [Internet]. 2021[citado 19 enero 2024]; (210). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK575915/
8.
Villacís E, Boada C, Aguirre C. El flúor en la reducción del índice de caries en niños de etapa escolar. Revista Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores [Internet]. 2020 [citado 24 de junio de 2024]; 44(1): 1-19. Disponible en: https://dilemascontemporaneoseducacionpoliticayvalores.com/index.php/dilemas/article/view/2137/2193
9.
Dong H, Yang X, Zhang S, Wang X, Guo C, Zhang X, Ma J, Niu P, Chen T. Associations of low level of fluoride exposure with dental fluorosis among U.S. children and adolescents, NHANES 2015–2016. Ecotoxicol and Environmental Safety [Internet]. 2021 [citado 19 enero 2024]; 221(112439): 1-7. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651321005510/pdfft?md5=9e73b13fccc9cdaaeb2e39179b04ce3a&pid=1-s2.0-S0147651321005510-main.pdf
10.
Lazo Lazo N, Cabrera A, Escandón S, Soto G, Parra G, Torres M, Andrade D, Astudillo D, Ochoa A. Hábitos de higiene dental y fluorosis dental en niños de zonas rurales en Ecuador. Un estudio de casos y controles. La ciencia al servicio de la salud y la nutrición [Internet]. 2022 [citado 19 enero 2024]; 13(2); 30-39. Disponible en: http://revistas.espoch.edu.ec/index.php/cssn/article/view/774
11.
Dean H. Clasificación del esmalte moteado Diagnóstico. Revista de la Asociación Dental Americana [Internet] 1934 [citado 19 enero 2024]; 21(8): 1421-1426. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1048636434180112?via%3Dihub
12.
Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo. Reglamento Interno de Clínicas y Preclínicas. [Internet].; 2024 [citado 19 junio 2024. Disponible en: https://sangregorio.edu.ec/uploads/paginas/REGLAMENTO%20INTERNO%20DE%20CL%C3%8DNICAS%20Y%20PRECL%C3%8DNICAS%20DE%20LA%20CARRERA%20DE%20ODONTOLOG%C3%8DA,%20Agosto%2019%20de%202014.pdf.
13.
Unicef. UNICEF y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible [Internet]; 2015 [citado 19 enero 2024. Disponible en: https://www.unicef.org/es/unicef-y-los-objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible.
14.
The Weston A. Price Foundation. Fluoración: el fraude del siglo. [Internet]; 2021 [citado 20 febrero 2024]. Disponible en: https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/fluoracion-el-fraude-del-siglo/#gsc.tab=0.
15.
Public Health. Fluoruración [Internet]; 2010 [citado 26 febrero 2024]. Disponible en: https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/fluoridation/es/index.htm#il1.
16.
Chumpitaz V, Pardavé M, Chávez L, Erazo C, Pérez V. Fluorosis dental en adolescentes de Instituciones Educativas de Lima. Odontología Vital [Internet]. 2023 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 1(38):34-44 . Disponible en: https://revistas.ulatina.ac.cr/index.php/odontologiavital/article/view/523/666
17.
Armas A, González F, Rivera M, Mayorga M, Banderas V, Guevara O. Factors associated with dental fluorosis in three zones of Ecuador. J Clin Exp Dent [Internet]. 2019 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 11(1):42-48. Disponible en: http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/aop/55124.pdf
18.
Prabhakar A, Abdulkhayarkutty K, Cheruvallil S, Sudhakaran P. Effect of endemic fluorosis on cognitive function of school children in Alappuzha District, Kerala: A cross sectional study. Ann Indian Acad Neurol [Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 24(5):715-720. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/annalsofian/fulltext/2021/24050/effect_of_endemic_fluorosis_on_cognitive_function.11.aspx
19.
Montiel J, Almerich J, Montiel A. Oral Health Data Bank Insigths. [Internet]; 2023 [citado 10 marzo 2024]. https://www.uv.es/ohdbi/.
20.
Ugarte J, Mendoza V. Factores demográficos asociados a fluorósis dental en niños y adolescentes en el departamento de La Paz. Rev. Cient. Memoria del Posgrado [Internet]. 2022 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 3(2):41-46. Disponible en: https://posgradofment.umsa.bo/memoriadelposgrado/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Ugarte-Cabo-Juan-Luis-Mendoza-Huaylla-Victor-Orlando-ORIGINAL.pdf
21.
Al-Omoush S, Al-Tarawneh S, Abu-Awwad M, Sartawi S, Elmanaseer W, Alsoleihat F. Comparison of oral health indicators between two places of endemic dental fluorosis in Jordan. The Saudi dental journal [Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 33(7):707-712. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S101390522030033X?via%3Dihub
22.
Saldarriaga A, Rojas D, Restrepo M, Santos L, Jeremías J, Jeremias F. Dental fluorosis severity in children 8-12 years old and associated factors. Acta Odontol. Latinoam [Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 34(2):156-165. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10315087/pdf/1852-4834-34-2-156.pdf
23.
Nor M, Barbara L, Damian J, Ivor G. Factors associated with dental fluorosis among Malaysian. J Public Health Dent [Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 81(4):270-279 . Disponible en: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jphd.12448
24.
Rivera M, Vélez E, Carrera A, Mena P, Armas A. Factores asociados a fluorosis dental en niños de 10 a 12 años del cantón Pimampiro, provincia de Imbabura, Ecuador 2016-2017. Odontología Vital [Internet]. 2019 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 1(30):51-58. Disponible en:https://www.scielo.sa.cr/pdf/odov/n30/1659-0775-odov-30-51.pdf
25.
Walsh T, Worthington H, Glenny A, Marinho V, Jeroncic A. Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet]. 2019 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 3(3): 1-239. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30829399/
26.
Arredondo T, Franco C, Herrera J. Fluorosis dental en escolares y nivel de conocimiento de padres. Conference Proceedings Jornadas de Investigación en Odontologia [Internet]. 2023 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 3(3):16-20. Disponible en: https://revistas.uaz.edu.mx/index.php/CPJIIO/article/view/2428/1950
27.
Covaleda J, Torres A, Sánchez M, Pineda R, Silva V, Parra D, et al. Abordaje clínico mínimamente invasivo de fluorosis dental en estadios de TF1 a TF5. Revisión sistemática. Avances en odontoestomatología [Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 37(2): 87-93. Disponible en: https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/odonto/v37n2/0213-1285-odonto-37-2-87.pdf
28.
Pecarevic D, Gómez C, Rosales F, Guevara V. Manejo estético de la fluorosis dental: Microabrasión, infiltración de resina y clareamiento externo. Int. J. Inter. Dent [Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 febrero 2024]; 15(2):157-160. Disponible en: https://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ijoid/v15n2/2452-5588-ijoid-15-02-157.pdf
29. Samaniego, R. A., & Andrade, F. M. (2025). Simplified Oral Hygiene Index in patients from the Dental Clinic III of Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí in 2023. Revista Gregoriana De Ciencias De La Salud, 2(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.36097/rgcs.v2i1.3138
30. Cerón, D. A., & Guillén, R. V. (2024). Prevalence of dental caries in patients treated at the Eloy Alfaro Lay University of Manabí. Revista Gregoriana De Ciencias De La Salud, 1(2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.36097/rgcs.v1i2.3136
31. Castillo Ayala, D., De Andrade, Y. P., & Traviezo, L. E. (2024). First report of liver abscesses due to Streptococcus intermedius of periodontal origin in Venezuela. Revista Gregoriana De Ciencias De La Salud, 1(2), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.36097/rgcs.v1i2.3120
32. Gallardo WD, García MA. Junk food: analysis of risks, benefits, and social perception. J. Food Sci. Gastron. [Internet]. 2024 Jan. 26 [cited 2025 Feb. 25];2(1):26-34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13996283
33. Sarmiento M, Valdés Donech H, Martín Moya LA, Mendoza Robles JL. Prevalencia del edentulismo en adultos mayores. Rev San Gregorio. 2022[citado 26 febrero 2024]; 52(1):161-174. https://doi.org/10.36097/rsan.v0i52.2174
34. Alvarado JM, Zambrano JI. Tradition and nutrition: an analysis of Manabí cuisine and its impact on health and cultural identity. J. Food Sci. Gastron. [Internet]. 2023 Jul. 15 [cited 2025 Feb. 25];1(2):25-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13994886
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Vielka Peña M, Karla Gruezo M, Luz Martin M (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
