Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología reabre la recepción de envíos, por favor visite nuestra página de envíos. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología reopens the reception of submissions, please visit our submissions page.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
Morphology, Germination, and Early Growth of Albizia lebbeck and Albizia procera for Urban Afforestation
Introduction: Albizia lebbeck L. and Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. are exotic multipurpose tree species with high potential for urban and rural afforestation in Sudan. Understanding their pod and seed characteristics, as well as factors influencing germination and early growth, is essential for effective propagation and plantation success. Objective: This study, conducted during 2019–2020, aimed to evaluate the morphology of pods and seeds, germination behavior, and early seedling growth of A. lebbeck and A. procera under different pre-sowing treatments. Method: Mature pods were collected from both species in the Blue Nile and Khartoum States. Pod and seed traits were measured for size, weight, and seed count. For germination tests, a total of 400 seeds per species were subjected to four pre-sowing treatments (100 seeds each): immersion in hot water (100 °C, cooled overnight), cold water (4 °C, 24 h), concentrated sulphuric acid (5 min) followed by soaking, and untreated control. Seeds were sown under controlled nursery conditions, and germination percentage, germination rate index (GRI), mean germination time (MGT), and early seedling growth (stem, leaves, roots) were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (GLM, SAS v9.0). Results: Significant differences (p = 0.0001) were observed between species in pod and seed morphology. Pre-sowing treatments significantly enhanced germination compared with the controls. The highest germination success (82.07 %) was achieved with hot water treatment at 80 °C for 10 min, followed by 79.00 % at 100 °C for 1 min. Germination started 4–6 days after sowing and was completed within 22–25 days. Although seed source had limited influence, significant interactions occurred between source and treatment. Conclusion: Hot water treatment (100 °C for 1 min) is recommended to improve seed germination of Albizia procera, especially under rural conditions such as those in Bangladesh. These findings contribute to the propagation and management strategies of Albizia species for afforestation programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wadah Osman, Haytham Hashim Gibreel, Ahmed Ashour, Mohamed Mirghani, Mohamed Farag, Tariq M. Aljarba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Taxonomy and chemical composition of genus Apium
Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) is a unique family in the flowering plants due to its characteristic inflorescences and fruits besides the distinctive chemistry reflected in odor, flavor and even toxicity of many of its members. Plants of the family Apiaceae are usually used medicinally as a cure for gastrointestinal complaints, cardiovascular ailments, they are also used as antispasmodics, sedatives and a source of resins, gum resins, flavouring agents, flavonoids, coumarins , foods and even poisons. Subfamily Apioideae comprises numerous members reputed for their high content of coumarins, flavonoids and volatile oils. One member belonging to this subfamily were chosen as a subject for the present work, viz. Apium. Taxonomy, phytochemicals and biological activities of genus Apium were listed here.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asmaa E. Sherif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stress and burnout syndrome in healthcare personnel: diagnosis and prevention strategies
Introduction: burnout syndrome is a global occupational crisis that seriously affects the mental health of healthcare workers and the quality of medical care. The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified this phenomenon, highlighting the urgent need for effective diagnosis and prevention strategies. Objective: to analyse the prevalence, risk factors, diagnostic tools, and intervention strategies for burnout syndrome in healthcare personnel, based on recent scientific evidence. Method: a systematic review of the scientific literature (2019–2024) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. International databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, SciELO) were consulted, selecting 28 studies of high methodological quality that evaluated prevalence, risks, instrument validity, and the effectiveness of preventive interventions. Results: the overall prevalence of burnout among healthcare workers was 39%, reaching up to 59.5 % among nurses during the pandemic. The main risk factors were workplace bullying (OR: 4.05–15.01), low job satisfaction (OR: 5.05) and high perceived stress (OR: 4.21). Among the diagnostic instruments, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) showed the best psychometric properties. Mindfulness-based and coaching interventions moderately reduced burnout (SMD: -0.44). Conclusions: burnout is a multifactorial problem where organisational causes predominate. It is recommended to implement preventive institutional policies, strengthen workplace wellbeing and standardise diagnostic tools to improve the sustainability of the healthcare system.
Copyright (c) 2026 David Max Olivares Álvares, Mario Heimer Flórez Guzmán, Juan José García Sarria, Leibniz Huxlay Flórez Guzmán, Mercy Lilliana Borbón Hoyos (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of anxiety and depression in the university population: Quantitative analysis of associated factors and psychosocial consequences
Introduction: Anxiety and depression are common mental health disorders among university students worldwide, with negative effects on their academic performance, social functioning, and overall well-being. Objectives: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and social impact of anxiety and depression in university students. Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative studies published between 2019 and 2025 was conducted. The search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Forty-eight studies that met the methodological criteria were selected. Random effects models were applied to estimate prevalences, odds ratios (OR) were calculated for risk factors, and heterogeneity was analysed using the I² statistic. Results: The overall prevalence of anxiety was 32.1% (95% CI: 29.8–34.4) and that of depression was 28.9% (95% CI: 26.7–31.1), with high heterogeneity (I² > 80%). Women had higher rates than men. The most relevant risk factors were traumatic experiences (OR: 3.12), high academic stress (OR: 2.56), and a family history of mental disorders (OR: 2.34). There was an average reduction of 15% in academic performance and a deterioration in quality of life, especially in psychological well-being and social relationships. Conclusions: The prevalence of anxiety and depression among university students is high and constitutes a public health problem. Prevention programmes, early care and institutional policies are needed to address risk factors and promote psychosocial support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Guisella Isabel Villamar Vásquez, Edmundo Daniel Quinto Ochoa, Christian Fernando Barragán Quizhpe, Sonnia Molina Orellana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transformational Teaching and Flow with Parallel and Serial Mediation Mechanism to Explain Student Performance in Political Education
Introduction: research on transformational teaching has not yet clarified whether its effects arise through parallel cognitive and affective routes that emanate from flow, or through a sequential chain in which political expertise precedes political efficacy and then shapes performance. Resolving this issue matters for political education because it identifies the instructional levers most likely to cultivate democratic competence and durable academic gains. Objective: this study positions flow as the proximal hub in the learning process and contrasts a parallel mediation model with a serial alternative that situates political expertise before political efficacy and, in turn, academic performance, estimating the relative strength of these pathways in political education. Method: a cross-sectional survey of 312 undergraduates in West Sumatra was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling with bias-corrected bootstrapping. The four dimensions of transformational teaching, namely Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational Motivation, Individual Consideration, and Idealized Influence, were modeled simultaneously. Results: Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational Motivation, and Individual Consideration were positively associated with flow, whereas Idealized Influence showed no direct association when the other dimensions were entered jointly. Flow related positively to political expertise and to political efficacy, and both outcomes predicted academic performance. The indirect association from flow to performance via political expertise exceeded the association via political efficacy, indicating a dominant cognitive route; a complementary serial chain from flow to expertise to efficacy to performance was also supported. Conclusions: in political education, transformational teaching most reliably improves performance by activating flow that strengthens political expertise, with affective efficacy contributing a smaller share and a serial mechanism operating alongside. Emphasizing Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational Motivation, and Individual Consideration appears to be an effective strategy for triggering consequential learning states and enhancing outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al rafni, Putri Minas Sari, Milya Novera, Ika Sandra, Haryanti, Cici Nur Azizah, Zikri Alhadi, M Fachri Adnan, Suryanef, Alfi Husni Fansurya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Wellness Perception and Spiritual Wellness Practices of women of the Irula Tribe of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, India
Introduction: spiritual Wellness promotion is primordial at a fundamental level. For Indigenous Peoples across the world spiritual wellness is their way of life. In India we have many traditional and tribal communities that practice a holistic, nature-centric spiritual wellness. Towards learning more about Indigenous communities and their spiritual wellness conducted this exploratory study among the Irulas of the Nilgiris District in Tamil Nadu India. Being one of earlier settlers of the Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, the Irulas have played an important role in the maintenance of the forests and environment of the Nilgiris. Methods: the study design is an ethnography qualitative study using In-depth interviews conducted using Dr. Kovach’s Conversation methodology for researching and documenting Indigenous Ontology. The Indigenous peoples are one of the Primitive Tribes of the Nilgiris District in Southern India known as the Irulas. The settlements that were accessed for the interview include villages in the eastern and western slopes of the Nilgiris. Results: using basic qualitative analysis of coding and theme generation, data allowed to derive 4 themes about spiritual wellness namely: What is Spirituality, Importance of participation, Sustaining Practices and Conviction. There is a shift and adaptation to contemporary spiritual practices driven by lack of access to their forests and grasslands and also because of education and exposure of the younger generation. Conclusion: development over time has resulted in changes in their natural environment as well as social environment leading to generational perception and practices of spirituality among women of the Irula tribes of the Nilgiris
Copyright (c) 2024 Geetha Veliah, Padma Venkatasubramanian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Anhydrous Alcohol as a Complementary Fuel on Gasoline Engine Performance and Efficiency
Introduction: The growing interest in preserving the environment has driven the search for cleaner energy sources, including biofuels such as anhydrous alcohol, which can reduce the environmental impact of fossil fuel use without affecting engine performance. This project aimed to analyze the behavior of a gasoline engine when using anhydrous alcohol as a fuel additive. Objective: This study evaluates the effects of anhydrous alcohol–gasoline blends (E5, E10, E15, and E20) on the mechanical performance and pollutant emissions of a Chevrolet Aveo 1.6 L spark-ignition engine under different test conditions. Methods: The study was conducted on a Chevrolet Aveo vehicle equipped with an electronic injection system and a 1600 cc engine, evaluating its mechanical performance and emissions. Static tests, dynamic road tests, and laboratory analyses were carried out using conventional gasoline and blends containing 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% anhydrous alcohol. Parameters such as power, torque, and emission levels were measured following the INEN 2204:2002 and 2203:99 standards. Results: The results showed that the incorporation of anhydrous alcohol did not produce significant variations in power or torque but did reduce CO, HC, and CO₂ emissions, although with a slight increase in NOx, remaining within the established limits. Conclusions: Anhydrous alcohol–gasoline blends up to 20% (v/v) can be used in conventional engines without performance penalties, while contributing to reductions in CO, HC, and CO₂ emissions. The trade-off is a moderate increase in NOx, which must be considered in emission control strategies. These findings support the potential of alcohol as a transitional fuel in urban transport under Latin American regulatory frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Rafael Freire Romero , Segundo Manuel Espín Lagos , Jorge Patricio Guamanquispe Toasa, Edison Saul Mena Campaña , Valeria Isabel Espín López (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Narrative Inquiry into Teachers' Technology Readiness for Effective Classroom Management
Technology readiness of teachers is considered important in the current learning process, as it plays a vital role in improving the quality of education. This study aims to explore teachers’ experiences in classroom management, including planning, implementation, and evaluation with the support of digital technology. A qualitative approach using a narrative inquiry design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and classroom observations involving seven teachers from urban primary schools in Surakarta City, Indonesia, selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Data were analyzed with narrative analysis. The findings reveal that teachers' technological readiness in the planning stage is demonstrated by their ability to integrate digital tools, utilise educational videos, and prepare interactive learning media in their lesson plans. During implementation, teachers' technology readiness was demonstrated by their ability to operate devices such as laptops, LCD projectors, and Chromebooks independently, while also employing applications like Canva, Quizizz, and Liveworksheet to promote active and creative student participation in the classroom. In the evaluation stage, teachers applied both process- and product-based assessments using digital tools such as Google Forms and performance rubrics to measure students’ creativity and digital competencies. This research makes a significant contribution to the field of education by providing empirical data on teachers’ technological readiness and underscores the importance of continuous professional development and adequate infrastructure to support the effectiveness of technology-enhanced learning environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratna Widya Irmayanti , Sri Marmoah , Mohamed Nor Azhari Azman , Karsono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Logging Waste Dynamics and Efficiency under Reduced Impact Logging in Tropical Natural Forests
Introduction: to promote sustainable forest management in the natural forests of West Papua, Indonesia, selective logging systems that incorporate low-impact harvesting techniques such as Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) are being adopted. Objective: to analyze the volume, characteristics, and contributing factors of logging waste generated through RIL-based timber harvesting in two forest concessions. Methods: logging waste was quantified at both felling sites and landing points, with data collected from two concessions. Results: the average estimated logging waste was 0.849 ± 0.095 m³ tree⁻¹ (equivalent to 9.339 m³ ha⁻¹), with 79.82 % (0.684 ± 0.070 m³ tree⁻¹) produced at the felling site and 20.18 % (0.166 ± 0.058 m³ tree⁻¹) at the landing point. Logging waste volume varied between concessions: PT WA generated 0.708 ± 0.053 m³ tree⁻¹ (7.788 m³ ha⁻¹), while PT KH recorded 0.989 ± 0.137 m³ tree⁻¹ (11.868 m³ ha⁻¹). At the felling site, the predominant waste components were stumps (29.74 %) and buttresses (21.40 %), while base ends constituted 15.1% of waste at the landing point. The average logging waste was composed of good-quality wood (4.092 m³ ha⁻¹; 42.79 %), defective wood (3.320 m³ ha⁻¹; 33.32 %), and damaged wood (2.465 m³ ha⁻¹; 24.26 %). Timber harvesting Logging efficiency averaged 85.52 ± 0.01 %, with a felling index of 88.54 ± 0.70 % and a skidding grading index of 96.59 ± 1.30 %. Conclusions: the adoption of RIL improved overall harvesting recovery by 14.4 %, compared to an average of 80.6 % under conventional logging practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soenarno, Totok Kartono Waluyo , Pudja Mardi Utomo , Yuniawati, Rosita Dewi , Agustinus Panusunan Tampubolon , Djarwanto, Andianto, Michael Daru Enggar Wiratmoko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Pathways to Radicalization: Step to Terrorism with Understanding Social, Psychological, and Technological Dimensions of Terrorism in Indonesia
Introduction: radicalization and terrorism have become pressing public health and social challenges in Indonesia, where individuals are increasingly exposed to extremist ideologies through diverse social and technological channels. Family and friendship networks, religious institutions, educational settings, and especially digital platforms contribute to the dissemination of radical narratives. The rapid expansion of social media has accelerated the spread of extremist content, intensifying the risk of radicalization at the community level. Objective: this study aims to analyze the stages through which individuals in Indonesia progress toward radicalization and terrorism. By applying the theory of the three stages of terrorism, the research investigates how exposure to social and digital environments facilitates the pathway to extremist organizations such as Al Jamaah Al Islamiyah, Negara Islam Indonesia, and Jamaah Anshar Daulah. The study further seeks to highlight the social, psychological, and technological dimensions of these processes and their implications for public health and resilience. Method: a qualitative design was employed, combining primary and secondary document analysis with interpretative approaches to map the radicalization trajectory. The data were drawn from organizational records, policy documents, media reports, and prior research to trace individual pathways from pre-radicalism to acts of terror. This triangulated method enabled a contextualized understanding of the dynamic interplay between social influence, psychological vulnerability, and technological drivers of radicalization. Results: findings reveal that radicalization in Indonesia follows three interconnected phases: pre-radicalism, exposure to radical ideologies, and participation in terror acts. Social networks provide the initial entry points, while digital technologies amplify and accelerate recruitment and indoctrination processes. The study concludes that radicalization is not only a security concern but also a multidimensional issue that intersects with health, social well-being, and technological development. Strengthening digital literacy, fostering community resilience, and integrating preventive policies across health, education, and technology sectors are crucial strategies to mitigate the risks of radicalization and terrorism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ami Prindani, Muhamad Syauqillah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Innovation in Rehabilitation Nursing for Exercise Prescription for People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is characterized by chronic inflammation, unpredictable symptoms, and significant physical and psychological impact. In this context, digital technologies and physical exercise emerge as promising allies for improving quality of life and self-management of the disease. Objective: To analyze the relevance of prescribing physical exercises for people with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, using mobile applications, highlighting the role of rehabilitation nursing in the development and implementation of personalized digital solutions. Development: Inflammatory Bowel Disease requires multidimensional approaches that integrate symptom management, health literacy, psychosocial support, and healthy lifestyles. Physical exercise has proven benefits for fatigue, sleep, anxiety, depression, and awareness of disease activity, and is considered a fundamental pillar of rehabilitation. The use of digital platforms increases adherence, allows for remote monitoring, and favors personalized adjustments. Conclusions: Mobile apps used to prescribe physical exercise for Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients have transformative potential by integrating personalization, continuous monitoring, and motivational support. These solutions can reduce logistical barriers, promote self-management, and enhance quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tânia Raposo, Maria Coelho, Sandra Queiroz, Susana Mendonça, Luís Sousa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Studies and motherhood: academic trajectories in the nursing program in the Ecuadorian public university context
University students who become mothers face a daily double burden of responsibilities: caring for their children, managing household chores, and fulfilling academic obligations; consequently, it is a challenge to maintain concentration and a consistent academic balance. In this context, the objective of the research is to describe the experiences of motherhood and its influence on the academic performance of nursing students at a public university in Cuenca, Ecuador. Thru a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design, from September to December 2024, using purposive sampling until saturation was reached with 10 students. The data were collected thru semi-structured interviews and analyzed by categories using the Taguette software. The results show that motherhood affects academic performance due to overload and lack of time, although it also serves as a source of motivation. Student mothers face academic, economic, emotional, and social challenges, such as long hours, limited support, financial constraints, and social prejudices, which underscores the importance of having support networks. It is concluded that, although motherhood brings joy and love, it also produces stress and sadness, since balancing the roles of mother and student involves significant sacrifices of time and personal well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nube Janeth Clavijo Morocho, Ligia Geomara Párraga Vélez, Fanny Tubay Zambrano, María Teresa Arteaga Auquilla, Mariuxi Alexandra González Cabrera, Evelin Verónica Méndez Ortiz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Innovation in Higher Education: Assessing the P-OUS Open Distance Learning Model through the Integration of Science and Technology
Introduction: The rapid growth of digital innovation has reshaped higher education, making open and distance e-learning essential for accessibility and flexibility. This study focuses on the P-OUS (Peruse, Offer, Uphold, and Sow) Open Distance Learning Model implemented at Pangasinan State University – Open University Systems, highlighting its integration of science and technology to support graduate education in diverse fields. Objective: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the P-OUS model by examining its relevance, resource adequacy, implementation quality, and program outcomes. Method: Guided by Stufflebeam’s CIPP evaluation framework, the study utilized a structured questionnaire distributed via Google Forms to students from the Doctor of Education, Master of Arts in Education, Master of Science in Fisheries, and Master in Development Management programs. Data analysis combined descriptive statistics for demographics, technology access, and satisfaction levels with thematic analysis of qualitative feedback on perceived barriers and experiences. Results and Conclusion: Findings indicate that the P-OUS model effectively promotes inclusive and flexible learning. Quantitative results show that 83% of students reported high satisfaction with course design and interaction, while 78% expressed positive engagement in collaborative learning. The overall mean satisfaction score of 4.32/5 reflects strong approval of learning flexibility and accessibility. However, challenges remain, including technical limitations (42%), pedagogical inconsistencies (31%), and personal time-management constraints (27%). The study concludes that the P-OUS model enhances learner inclusion, adaptability, and engagement in graduate online education. Sustainable implementation requires optimizing workload and assessment pacing, strengthening communication and faculty presence, expanding mobile-first and offline access.
Copyright (c) 2025 Phillip G. Queroda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An AI-Powered Teaching Performance Evaluation System: Technical Implementation and Pilot Testing at Universidad Técnica de Ambato
The article detailed the design, implementation and pilot test of an artificial intelligence-based system for evaluating teaching performance in higher education. The researcher aimed to create an automatic evaluation process by using speech recognition, semantic analysis and emotional detection, within an artificial intelligence architecture developed at Universidad Técnica de Ambato. The process was executed using open-source tools such as AssemblyAI, GPT-4o-mini, DeepFace and the n8n workflow platform which allowed autonomous analysis of recorded classroom sessions. A quasi experimental validation was actioned using 36 class recordings from 18 teachers from three disciplines. Overall, the findings indicated transcription accuracy of 96.4 %, inter-rater reliability above 90 % rubric agreement and substantial agreement with human raters (Cohen’s κ > 0.65; ICC > 0.80). Time for evaluation was reduced by greater 95 % and cost by 97 % compared with other peer review methods. These results confirmed the feasibility and reliability of the system for institutional quality assurance in teaching evaluation. The study concluded that artificial intelligence-based approaches could provide institutions with an open, efficient and scalable mechanism to assess the pedagogical performance that enhances innovation in higher education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wilber Orlando Romero Villarroel, Sara Nidhya Camacho Estrada, Héctor Santiago López Zurita, Danilo Fabricio Trujillo Ronquillo, Carlos Patricio Rodríguez Hurtado, Edison Gerardo Llerena Medina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Awareness of Household Pets Breeding in Zoonotic Diseases Transmission
Introduction: Zoonotic infections are a significant and growing global public health concern. Among the different modes of transmission, family pets serve as a primary source of human exposure to a wide range of infections. Objective: To assess population awareness of zoonotic diseases transmitted by pets. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and correlational study was undertaken. The study has 600 participants. The data was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire had a total of 19 questions; sociodemographic data included 5 questions, 11 questions for awareness, and 3 questions for perception. Result: The study was completed by a total of 600 participants. The majority of participants were female (69.8%, n=419) and aged between 12-26 years (77.0%, n=462), with an average age of 24.3 (±4.8) years. The majority of respondents were from Riyadh (64.5%, n=387). Health professionals were much more aware than non-health professionals (76.8% vs. 65.4%, p<0.05). Postgraduates were more aware than individuals with primary or middle school education (97.0% vs. 66.7%, p < 0.05). Only 49.8% of participants were categorized as "aware" overall, indicating a significant knowledge gap in the public. A study of preventative behaviors found that individuals who were aware of zoonotic dangers were more likely to provide veterinarian treatment for their dogs (p=0.001). Conclusion This study emphasizes the importance of increased education, interdisciplinary teamwork, and public health activities in reducing zoonotic hazards linked with domestic pets. By bridging information gaps, we can preserve both human and animal health, encouraging safer and more informed pet ownership behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elturabi Elsayed Elkhider Ebrahim, Hisham Ali Waggiallah, Sami Almadar, Duaa Yousif Alfaraj, Reem Shafi Alshehri, Abdulkareem Al-Garni, Tarig Karar, Yousif Mohammed Almosaad, Ahmad Khaleel AlOmari, Ghazi I. Al Jowf, Samah O Mohager (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness and Safety of Non-Invasive Ventilation (CPAP, BiPAP, and HFNC) for Acute Respiratory Distress in Pediatric Emergency Care
Introduction: Non-invasive ventilation therapies such as Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC), and Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) are commonly used in children with acute respiratory failure and adult ICU patients. However, the effectiveness and tolerability of each method remain a subject of debate. Objective: This systematic review compares the effectiveness, safety, and comfort of using CPAP, HFNC, and BiPAP in pediatric patients with respiratory disorders and adult patients with acute respiratory failure in the ICU. Method: included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational cohort studies, and retrospective studies comparing CPAP, HFNC, and BiPAP in pediatric and adult populations. Data on treatment outcomes, failure, physiological parameters, patient comfort, and mortality were systematically analyzed. Results: CPAP tends to improve acid-base parameters (pH, PCO₂, P/F ratio) more quickly than HFNC, but HFNC provides better oxygen saturation (SpO₂, PaO₂) and higher patient comfort. The rate of CPAP treatment failure is lower than that of HFNC, though not significantly so. In patients with severe bronchiolitis, HFNC is more tolerable with fewer side effects. In COVID-19 ICU patients, BiPAP and CPAP have equivalent efficacy and safety with no significant differences in mortality and treatment failure. Pre-hospital NIV therapy is also proven to be safe and effective. Conclusion: CPAP and HFNC are both effective for treating respiratory failure in children, with CPAP providing faster physiological improvement and HFNC being more comfortable. BiPAP and CPAP are equally effective and safe in adult patients with acute respiratory failure, particularly COVID-19. Therapy selection should consider the patient's clinical condition and tolerability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reihan Athala Rizki Putranda, Hadi Suwono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Destination Image, Tourist Intention, Motivation, and Constraints: An Analysis of their Influence on Visit Decision to Mentawai Islands
Tourist decision-making is often shaped by psychological factors such as destination image, intention, and motivation. However, the persistence of the intention–behavior gap and the overlooked role of travel constraints remain underexplored in emerging destinations such as the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the influence of destination image, tourist intention, motivation, and travel constraints on visit decisions to the Mentawai Islands, as well as to examine the mediating roles of tourist intention and motivation. A quantitative causal-associative design was employed using survey data from 175 tourists. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling using Partial Least Squares (SmartPLS 4) to test both direct and mediating effects. Destination image, motivation, and travel constraints significantly and positively influenced visit decisions, whereas tourist intention showed no direct effect. Motivation mediated the impact of constraints on decision-making, while tourist intention did not. These findings confirm the persistence of the intention–behavior gap in tourism and emphasize the dual role of constraints, acting as both barriers and motivators. The study extends the Theory of Planned Behavior by incorporating constraint negotiation into the decision-making process. Practically, the results suggest that strengthening destination branding, improving accessibility, and managing perceived constraints through motivational strategies are critical to increasing tourist arrivals in the Mentawai Islands and similar island destinations
Copyright (c) 2025 Leonel Juliano Randrianirina, Yuliana, Siti Fatimah, Hermansyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Job Factors and Work Environment Factors on Work Productivity Through Burnout in Nurses at Bhayangkara Hospital, Makassar
Introduction: The Indonesian National Nurses Association (PPNI) reports that 50.9 percent of nurses experience high levels of work stress, which can lead to burnout. Nursing is a demanding profession. This stress can lead to decreased work performance. Methods: This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The sample of this study was 130 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and direct examinations in the field. Physical workload was measured by percentCVL (Cardio Vascula Load), mental workload was measured by NASA-TLX, work shifts, lighting using a lux meter, and interpersonal conflict, work productivity, and burnout using a questionnaire. Data analysis used AMOS-based path analysis. Results: Physical and mental workload have a significant effect on burnout (p=0.007; p=0.014<0,05) but physical and mental workload do not have a significant effect on work productivity through burnout as a mediator (p=0.067; p=0.061>0,05). Work shifts do not have an effect on burnout (p>0.05), but the burnout mediator is significant ((p=0.017<0,05). Lighting has a significant effect on burnout (p=0.044<0,05) but lighting does not have a significant effect on work productivity through burnout as a mediator (p=0.050). And interpersonal conflict does not have a significant effect on burnout (p>0.05) but the burnout mediator is significant (p=0.008<0,05). Conclusions: Work productivity is directly influenced by workload and work shifts and indirectly by work shifts and interpersonal conflict.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gagarin Gyardani Samani, Lalu Muhammad Saleh, Syamsiar S. Russeng, Yahya Thamrin, Apik Indarty Moedjiono (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Designing RME-based learning trajectory with the context of ethnomathematics of Rumah Gadang Minangkabau using augmented reality
Introduction: the integration of cultural context and educational technology is essential to enhance students' engagement and understanding in mathematics. This study aims to design and implement a Realistic Mathematics Education (RME)-based Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) supported by Augmented Reality (AR), using ethnomathematics in Rumah Gadang (Big House) as a contextual foundation. Method: this study used a mixed-method approach combining ethnography and design research. An ethnographic exploration of Rumah Gadang (Big House) in West Sumatra identified mathematical ideas embedded in its architecture. These findings informed the design of a Realistic Mathematics Education (RME)-based Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT), enhanced with Augmented Reality (AR). The HLT underwent formative evaluation through expert review and one-to-one evaluation. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to assess validity and practicality. Results: the RME-based HLT enabled students to construct mathematical understanding progressively through familiar cultural contexts, such as Rumah Gadang (Big House) staircases and traditional ornaments. The integration of AR significantly increased student engagement, facilitated the visualization of abstract concepts, and supported collaborative learning. Teachers reported improved lesson planning and student participation, while students demonstrated enhanced mathematical reasoning and motivation. Conclusions: designing HLT using RME principles and delivering it through AR creates a powerful synergy that connects abstract mathematical concepts with students' real-world experiences. This approach not only improves cognitive outcomes but also strengthens students’ cultural identity and appreciation. The study suggests that the combination of pedagogy, culture, and technology can transform mathematics education into a more meaningful, inclusive, and engaging experience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Fauzan , Benjamin Rott , Rozi Fitriza , Afifah Zafirah , Rafki Nasuha Ismail , Herdi Setiawan, Rahmah Johar , Sugiman, Lathiful Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Affecting Auditors' Intention To Use Artificial Intelligence In Financial Statement Audits: Empirical Evidence From Vietnam
Introduction: artificial intelligence (AI) is a fundamental technology of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, influencing various facets of social life across numerous nations, including Vietnam. The Prime Minister's Accounting and Auditing Strategy for 2030 in Vietnam(1) underscores the objective of executing digital transformation in accounting and auditing, accentuating the significance of AI applications in this initiative. Consequently, it is imperative to comprehend the determinants that affect the implementation of AI in auditing. This study seeks to analyze the determinants influencing auditors' intention to employ AI in financial statement audits by synthesizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Method: a quantitative analysis was conducted using SPSS 22, based on data collected from 139 independent auditors currently working at audit firms in Vietnam. Results: the results indicate that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control all have a positive impact on auditors’ intention to adopt AI in financial statement audits. Among these, attitude is the most influential positive factor, and perceived behavioral control has the lowest influence on auditors' intention to use AI. Conclusions: these findings provide a basis for proposing recommendations to technology service providers in the audit sector and organizational management to enhance both the extent and effectiveness of AI adoption by auditors in financial statement audits.
Copyright (c) 2025 Thi Hong Lam Nguyen, Thi Thu Thuy Pham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural Values as a Branding Logic: Structuring Halal Tourism Mechanism in West Sumatera
Introduction: this study investigates the role of Minangkabau Cultural Values (MCV) as a branding logic in the development of halal tourism in West Sumatra. It focuses on how these cultural values contribute to shaping destination image, tourism performance, and tourist loyalty. Method: data were gathered from a survey of international Muslim tourists, and the relationships among cultural values, authenticity, experience, and loyalty were tested using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results: the findings indicate that MCV significantly enhance the perceived authenticity and people-centered experiences, which, in turn, have a substantial impact on both Halal Destination Image (HDI) and Halal-Friendly Destination Performance (HFDP). Tourist loyalty is primarily driven by HDI. Conclusions: minangkabau cultural values serve as a strategic mechanism that strengthens the competitiveness of halal tourism by embedding authenticity and transformative experiences into destination branding.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rian Surenda, Idris, Abror (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethics, generative artificial intelligence, and educational assessment: An analysis of university students’ perceptions
Introduction: The ethical use of generative artificial intelligence (GAI) in Education, particularly in learning assessment, is an issue of growing importance in higher Education due to its impact on values and academic integrity. Objective: This research aimed to examine university students’ perceptions regarding the ethical use of GAI in evaluative practices, based on five pre-established ethical dimensions. Method: A quantitative, non-experimental and cross-sectional study was conducted. A questionnaire of 16 closed-ended Likert- scale items was administered to 2684 students from ten degrees at Santa Elena Peninsula State University, Ecuador. The processing and analysis followed this sequence: item-level descriptive analysis, dimensional scales using measures of central tendency and dispersion, correlations based on Spearman´ Rho to identify relationships, and finally, principal components analysis (PCA) to identify structure and latent factors. Results: The results revealed a strong consensus on regulations, ethical principles and academic honesty, but also differences in trust, responsibility and formative impact. Two main factors emerged: one highly consistent factor combining norms, responsibility and impact, and another reflecting differences in honesty and trust. Conclusions: It is concluded that, while ethics in the use of GAI is generally accepted, it’s insufficiently understood and applied in assessment practice, revealing discrepancies and diverse positions evident, indicating that this is an area of critical analysis and further educational work.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mario Hernández Nodarse, Wilson Fonseca Torres, Daniel Ponce de León, Verónica Villarroel Henríquez, Alex Ricardo López (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Leaf to Relief: Basella alba Ethanolic Extract Alleviates Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in BALB/c Mice
Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that can be challenging to manage due to adverse effects linked to long-term treatment. As a result, alternative therapeutic options are being investigated. Basella alba exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent for the management of psoriasis. Objectives: To investigate the antipsoriatic effect of Basella alba as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant targeting the serum level of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, Malondealdehyde (MDA) and also the severity of psoriasis. Materials and Methods: Psoriasis-like lesions were induced in thirty-six male BALB/c mice using 5% imiquimod (IMQ) cream. The Balb/c mice were assigned to six groups: G1 (normal control), G2 (psoriasis control, IMQ only), G3 (IMQ + methotrexate 1 mg/kgBW/day), G4 (IMQ + Basella alba extract [BAE] 250 mg/kgBW/day), G5 (IMQ + BAE 500 mg/kgBW/day), and G6 (IMQ + BAE 250 mg/kgBW/day plus methotrexate). Serum TNF-α, MDA, and modified PASI scores were measured at baseline and after 14 days of treatment. Results: IMQ application increased TNF-α, MDA, and PASI scores. Treatment with Basella alba reduced these markers. The most prominent effects were observed in the combination therapy group, followed by the high-dose extract group. Serum TNF-α levels decreased by 55.8% in the G6 group and by 51.8% in the G5 group. Serum MDA levels declined by 85.4% in the G6 group and by 78.7% in the G5 group. Conclusion: Basella alba extract demonstrated significant anti-psoriatic activity by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings support its potential use as a monotherapy at 500 mg/kg BW/day or as an adjunct to methotrexate in a lower dose.
Copyright (c) 2025 Triasari Oktavriana, Harijono Kariosentono, Bambang Purwanto, Vitri Widyaningsih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Global Trends and Insights in Peer Facilitation Research and Practices in School Settings
Introduction: a peer facilitator is a student appointed to help peers with learning difficulties, usually from a higher-achieving group. This approach benefits both facilitators and participants by enhancing knowledge, skills, and confidence. Peer-led programs improve academic performance, self-concept, and behavior. Research highlights their effectiveness in education and health, emphasizing the need for proper training and support.Peer facilitation has gained attention as an alternative approach in health, education, and social programs. Despite extensive research, gaps remain in its theoretical and methodological foundations. Method: This study employs bibliometric analysis to explore trends, key themes, and research gaps in peer facilitation from 2014–2024. Using Biblioshiny-R and VOSviewer, it maps academic contributions and emerging interdisciplinary connections. The study involved a bibliometric analysis of 249 publications on the subject listed in the Scopus database from 2014 to 2024. The bibliometric procedure evaluates research performance and progress within an international impact framework, while Biblioshiny-R and VOSviewer visualize overall research trends in peer facilitator. Results: This study analyzed 249 peer-reviewed articles on peer facilitators from Scopus. Publications grew significantly from 2014 to 2024, peaking in 2024. A three-field plot highlights key references, authors, and topics like mental health and youth development. Bradford’s Law identifies BMJ Open and BMC Public Health as core journals. University College London leads institutional contributions. The results of the study show that United State is the country with the most publications related to peer facilitator. Annette W. Burgess and Stuart J. Fairclough are two prominent authors in this field based on the total number of publications and citations. The journal BMJ Open is the journal that has published the most papers on this topic. Conclusions: This paper is useful to academics, organizations, and policy makers in understanding the general picture of the peer facilitation field and allows future researchers to see where this research began and trace its shift over time. Findings highlight their effectiveness in promoting health awareness, enhancing communication skills, and fostering peer support. Future research should explore students’ perspectives and qualitative aspects, such as emotional and social benefits, to deepen understanding of their impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soepri Tjahjono Moedji Widodo, Muhammad Nur Wangid, Suwarjo, Yulia Ayriza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Resistance for Sustainable Green School Transformation through Green Growth Education
The realization of a sustainable lifestyle has become a global development priority, making environmental issues a primary concern. Schools play a strategic role in achieving this goal through the development of green schools. This study aims to analyze the influence of green growth and school development on resistance management in the implementation of green school initiatives. Method: this study employed a quantitative research design. Data were collected through a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. The population consisted of vocational high school development teams across 11 sub-districts, covering a total of 14 schools. A proportionate random sampling technique was applied, resulting in a sample of 168 school planning team members. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), with all variables passing validity tests. Results: the findings reveal that the development of green schools using Lewin's change theory (unfreezing, changing, and refreezing) proved effective (M=77,658). There is a significant relationship between school development based on Lewin's model and the implementation of green schools (program and learning) on Resistance (p<0.005). However, the changes and developments also generated resistance, largely due to entrenched old habits and concerns over the ability to compete. Another result indicates that green school development can directly lead to resistance. Conclusions: the study concludes that while green school development contributes positively to sustainable education, it also faces challenges of resistance rooted in cultural and behavioral patterns. To ensure effectiveness, the development process requires mediation through comprehensive green school programs involving all school members, particularly teachers and students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tia Ayu Ningrum, Nellitawati , Anisah, Nikmah Hayati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leveraging Digital Tools for Enhancing Sustainable Healthcare Service Quality
Introduction: this study aims to evaluate sustainable service quality in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan branch offices using a technologically-driven and multidisciplinary approach. The evaluation integrates qualitative and quantitative methods, including internal and external surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), field observations, and expectation-performance matrices. The TERRA model (Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy) is applied and complemented with additional dimensions such as Good Governance, Risk Management, and Control. This approach combines health management principles, public service theory, and technological innovation in assessing service quality. Method: a mixed-methods design was employed, combining qualitative techniques (interviews, FGDs, document analysis) and quantitative surveys, with data collected from both staff and participant perspectives. The ServQual framework and computational analysis tools were used to identify service quality gaps across all dimensions. Results: the analysis revealed notable gaps in service quality, particularly in the Tangibles, Reliability, and Responsiveness dimensions, where high participant expectations were not fully met. FGD findings highlighted physical discomfort, inefficient queue management, and inconsistent digital services as key issues. Assurance and Empathy dimensions were rated higher, reflecting staff professionalism and interpersonal skills, although personalized service and emotional responsiveness still require improvement. Conclusion: while staff professionalism is generally positive, overall service delivery does not fully satisfy participant expectations. Recommendations include strengthening technological infrastructure, enhancing staff competencies in both technical and soft skills, improving governance and control mechanisms, and integrating innovative digital tools into service processes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tarimantan S Saragih, Arief Dahyan Supriadi, Fergie S Mahaganti, An Nisa Pramasanti, Fadly Eka Pradana, Rendra H Hutabarat, Denny Siregar, R. Mochammad Andika Putra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rethinking Mediation and Arbitration in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Review
Introduction: artificial intelligence (AI) has begun to transform mediation and arbitration, two fundamental mechanisms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Its integration has raised growing academic interest, given its potential to increase procedural efficiency while challenging traditional notions of impartiality, confidentiality, and ethical judgment. Objective: this study aimed to systematically analyze the integration of AI into mediation and arbitration processes, identifying its technological applications, ethical-legal implications, and practical impacts on ADR mechanisms. Method: a systematic literature review was conducted of peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2025, using the Scopus and Web of Science databases. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 410 records were screened, and 30 studies were selected for full-text qualitative synthesis. Data extraction included publication type, AI application, benefits, and reported challenges. Results: quantitative screening indicated that most studies originated from the United States, Europe, and Asia, with limited representation from Latin America. The qualitative synthesis revealed that AI improved ADR efficiency by automating administrative tasks, facilitating document analysis, and generating preliminary agreements. However, persistent challenges included algorithmic bias, data confidentiality, and the absence of clear regulatory frameworks ensuring transparency and fairness. Despite technological advances, human oversight remained indispensable in cases requiring ethical reasoning and empathy. Conclusions: AI enhanced the accessibility and operational performance of ADR but required robust ethical and legal frameworks to ensure just and accountable outcomes. The study emphasized the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and harmonized global standards to guide responsible AI adoption in dispute resolution systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eliana Rodríguez-Salcedo, María Molina-Torres , Carlos Chagcha-Solís , Viviana Naranjo-Ruiz, Lidia Naranjo-Llerena (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Key Factors and Practices Shaping Lactating Mothers’ Use of Lactogenic Agents for Infant Health: A Nursing Perspective in Saudi Arabia and Arab Countries
Introduction: Lactogenic agents are used by breastfeeding mothers in Saudi Arabia to enhance milk production, influenced by maternal knowledge, cultural practices, family advice, and professional guidance. Evidence on their use and outcomes is limited. Objective: To explore factors affecting lactogenic agent use and the role of nursing support in promoting safe, effective lactation practices in Saudi Arabia and Arab countries. Methods: A systematic search following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, IMEMR, and Arab World Research Source for studies from 2000 to March 2025. Cross-sectional, cohort, quasi-experimental, and mixed-methods studies were included. Data extraction and quality appraisal were independently performed by two reviewers. Results: Thirteen studies involving ~4,200 mothers aged 18–40 years were included. Exclusive breastfeeding at six months ranged from 20–42%. Herbal galactagogues, mainly fenugreek, anise, and black seed, were most used; pharmacological agents were rare. Determinants of use included perceived milk insufficiency, maternal knowledge and self-efficacy, family advice, social media exposure, delivery mode, and workplace constraints. Nurse-led counseling and structured postpartum education improved maternal self-efficacy and breastfeeding duration. Adverse effects were infrequent and mild. Conclusion: Lactogenic agent use is widespread, but evidence for efficacy is limited. Exclusive breastfeeding continuation depends on maternal self-efficacy, professional support, and structural factors. Nurses play a pivotal role in providing evidence-based guidance to optimize breastfeeding outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Donia Elsaid Fathi Zaghamir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Activity in the Digital Era: Bibliometric Analysis of Emerging Technologies to Improve Physical and Mental Health
Introduction: Digital technologies have transformed strategies for promoting health, psychological well-being, and the prevention of chronic diseases. Over the past decade, tools such as mobile applications, wearable devices, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence have enabled the development of personalized interventions to improve physical activity and overall health. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the evolution of scientific research on digital technologies applied to physical activity and their impact on physical and mental health between 2015 and 2025, identifying dominant trends, influential technologies, and research gaps. Method: A total of 5,592 records were retrieved from the Web of Science and PubMed databases. After screening and deduplication, 633 original articles were selected for bibliometric and qualitative analysis. Descriptive statistics, keyword co-occurrence, and collaboration networks were generated using R (v4.4.2) and VOSviewer (v1.6.20), complemented by a qualitative review of the 99 most-cited studies. Results: Scientific production showed steady growth, with a sharp rise during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mobile applications and mHealth dominated the field, appearing in 78% of the most-cited papers, demonstrating effectiveness in improving adherence to physical activity programs and monitoring physiological parameters. Virtual reality and exergaming emerged as promising tools for rehabilitation and motivation, while artificial intelligence showed emerging potential for personalized interventions. However, gaps remain regarding regional representation, AI integration, and longitudinal study design. Conclusions: Digital technologies have redefined the promotion of physical activity and health management, fostering personalized and scalable interventions. Although research has become increasingly consolidated, challenges persist in methodological standardization, inclusion of underrepresented regions, and long-term assessment of outcomes. These findings provide valuable guidance for future studies and the development of innovative digital health strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yindra Flores-Cala , Pablo Heriberto Martínez-García , Dennis Alfredo Peralta-Gamboa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rethinking Pedagogical Sequences: Exploring the Syntax of Research-Based Learning in Undergraduate Primary Teacher Education
Introduction: Research-based learning (RBL) has increasingly gained attention in higher education as a strategy to strengthen research competence and professional readiness among prospective primary school teachers. Objective: This study aims to explore and reconsider the pedagogical sequences that shape the syntax of RBL in undergraduate primary teacher education. Method: The research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving three institutions: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Malang, and Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. The subjects consisted of 15 lecturers and 30 students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews and documentation, then analyzed using an interactive model encompassing data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Result: The findings reveal variations in seven phases of the Syntax of RBL, namely: (1) formulating general questions, with differences in lecturer guidance and student independence; (2) literature review, emphasizing diverse forms of theory–practice integration; (3) formulating research questions, ranging from instrument design, field experience, to the development of critical proposals; (4) planning methods, with quantitative, qualitative, or mixed orientations; (5) data collection and analysis, highlighting the role of students as active researchers; (6) interpretation of results, with reflective, solution-oriented, or academic-productive orientations; and (7) reporting, producing outputs in the form of scientific articles, applicative reports, mini research, and publications. Conclusion: These findings indicate that rethinking the Syntax of RBL provides a systematic framework to align pedagogical practices with the diverse needs of institutions while simultaneously strengthening the critical, reflective, and collaborative capacities of prospective primary school teachers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moh Salimi , Ratna Hidayah , Karlimah, Laksmi Evasufi Widi Fajari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0